bibliography

What is a bibliography?

A bibliography lists all the critical and academic texts (or websites) that an author has consulted and used in order to produce their own work.

It is always essential to include this section at the end of every school essay or project; otherwise, readers will not be able to distinguish scientific information from personal thoughts. Not only — absence of bibliographic reference risks to produce plagiarism (that is, copying of someone else's work).

Moreover, this section is be useful to people who seek to deepen their knowledge about a particular topic or author. Bibliographies are usually ordered alphabetically and can be divided into two sections:

Primary texts, which are the "raw" original documents examined (e.g., novels, poems, letters, paintings...);
Secondary sources that contain all the critical pieces about the primary texts (e.g., commentaries, explanations, analysis...).

A further section includes links to public domain images used.

This project relies on the following bibliography:

Primary texts

Declaration of Independence (1776).

Dylan, B. (1962). Blowin' in the Wind. In The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. Columbia.

Eminem. (2017). Untouchable. In Revival. Shady Records.

Hornsby, B. (1986). The Way It Is. In The Way It Is. RCA Records.

Lamar, K. (2015). The Blacker The Berry. In To Pimp A Butterfly. TDE.

Springsteen, B. (2006). American Land. In We Shall Overcome—The Seeger Sessions. Columbia Records.

2Pac ft. Talent. (1998). Changes. In Greatest Hits. Interscope.

United States Senate. Constitution of the United States.

Secondary sources

Alexander, M. (2010). The Rebirth of Caste. In The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (pp. 20-40). The New Press.

Anchor: A North Carolina History Online Resource. (1994). The United States in the 1990s.

Arndt, J. S. (May 11, 2023). Zulu vs Xhosa: how colonialism used language to divide South Africa’s two biggest ethnic groups. The Conversation.

Amistad Digital Resource. (2009). Social and Economic Issues of the 1980s and 1990s. Columbia University.

Baird, R.P. (April 20, 2021). The invention of whiteness: the long history of a dangerous idea. The Guardian.

Bauer, M., Zirker, A. (2015). Whipping Boys Explained: Literary Annotation and Digital Humanities. Literary Studies in the Digital Age: An Evolving Anthology.

BBC. (n.d.). Politics and protest. Opposition to the Vietnam War.

BBC (n.d.).The Gulf War.

Biography. (May 21, 2024). Eminem.

Black Lives Matter.

Bournea, C. (October 21, 2021). ‘Race’ is an invented concept, but an impactful one, researchers say. Ohio State News.

Bufano, V. A. (August 15, 2024). Racial Profiling vs. Criminal profiling: the difference. Criminal Justice Blog | American Military University.

Browne, D. (August 3, 2020). Bruce Hornsby on the Hip-Hop Afterlife of ‘The Way It Is’ and His Posthumous Leon Russell Duet. Rolling Stone.

Bruce Hornsby - Bio.

Cambridge Dictionary.

Carosso, A. (2025). Understanding America. [Lecture notes]

Carson, C. (November 14, 2025). Civil Rights Movement. Encyclopedia Britannica.

Caruso, C. (February 10, 2025). Kendrick Lamar. Biography.

Caruso, C. (December 20, 2024). Bob Dylan. Biography.

Commowealth of Virginia. Department of State Police. (November 2008). Bloods Street Gang Intelligence Report.

Dictionary.com. Piru.

Dorian, L. (2010). 33 Revolutions per Minute. Faber&Faber.

Dunn, J. (July 26, 1999). Los Angeles Crips and Bloods: Past and Present. Ethics of Development in a Global Environment (EDGE).

Eells, J. (March 26, 2015). The Trials of Kendrick Lamar. Rolling Stone.

Encyclopedia Britannica.

Ellis Island Part of Statue of Liberty National Monument NJ, NY. Streets Paved With Gold.

Flores, R. D. (October 1997). Crips and Bloods. Crime and Justice International.

Freeman, J. (n.d.). Analysis of the Reclamation and Spread of the N-word in Pop Culture. University of Cincinnati.

Galindo, T. (June 8, 2023). The Painful Meaning Behind the Song “Changes” by Tupac. American Songwriter.

Georgia State University. Student Life.

Green, D. F. (September 5, 2025). Save the Culture “Slang”: An Exploration of Black Language Expressions. The Dig at Howard University.

Heffernan, J. (March 2016). ‘We Gon’ Be Alright’: Kendrick Lamar’s Criticism of Racism and the Potential for Social Change Through Love. University of British Columbia.

Hellgren, M. (April 22, 2025). How Freddie Gray changed Baltimore City and the nation following his death in police custody. CBS News.

Hirschman, C. Mogford, E. (December 1, 2009). Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution From 1880 to 1920. National Library of Medicine - National Center for Biotechnology Information.

Houck, A. (September 13, 2022). Streets of gold? Debunking American immigration myths. Charlotte Urban Institute.

Howard University School of Law. (November 21, 2025). A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States: Historical Overview - Immigration.

Hund, W. D., Mills, C.W. (February 29, 2016). Comparing black people to monkeys has a long, dark simian history. The Conversation.

Immigration History. (2019). European Immigration.

Jamaican Patwah. Learn Jamaican Language & Culture.

Kirby, P. (n.d.). Double and Multiple Negatives.

Lamarre, C. (August 12, 2017). Here are Eminem' Untouchable's lyrics decoded. Billboard.

Language Log. (May 10, 2004). The Internet Pilgrim's Guide to G-Dropping.

Library of Congress. Immigration to the United States, 1851-1900.

LitCharts. (n.d.) Blowin’ in the Wind Summary & Analysis.

Langman, P. A. (October 1, 1995). The Racial Disparity in U.S. Drug Arrests. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. HCV Applicant and Tenant Resources.

U.S. Department of Justice.

Lartney, J., Felton, R. (July 9, 2016). Black Lives Matter activists face familiar anxiety in aftermath of Dallas shooting. The Guardian.

Luckman, A. (May 24, 2021). A guide to (not) using the N-word. Daily Dot.

McEvoy, C. (September 29, 2023). Tupac Shakur. Biography.

Merriam-Webster: America's Most Trusted Dictionary.

Nagel, A. (November 7, 2024). Life expectancy gap between Black and white Americans is a systematic issue, UW experts say. The Badger Herald.

National Institute of Mental Health. Schizofrenia.

National Archives. (n.d.). Civil Rights Act (1964).

National Archives. (n.d.). Marcus Garvey (August 17, 1887 - June 10, 1940).

Pelzer, K. (February 1, 2025). Black History Month Through the Years: Every Black History Month Theme Since 1928. Parade.

Portelli, A. (March 6, 2012). Bruce Springsteen: Wrecking Ball.

PreparedHero. (August 8, 2025). What Causes Excessive Dryer Lint and How to Clean It Out.

Sheinin, D., Thompson, K. (Novembre 9, 2014). Redefining the word. Examining a racial slur entrenched in American vernacular that is more prevalent than ever. The Washington Post.

Silberman, S. (June 6, 2008). MFD Interview with Bruce Hornsby. Music for Democracy.

Smithsonian National Museum of American History - Kenneth E. Behring Center. The Star-Spangled Banner. The Lyrics.

South African History Online. (August 27, 2019). Xhosa.

South African History Online. (September 22, 2020). Zulu.

Spaulding, W. (2022, December 17). Crips Gang History, Location & Symbols. Study.com.

Tedeneke, A. (February 7, 2024). Black History Month: What is it and why is it important? World Economic Forum.

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Map of the Foreign-Born Population of the United States, 1900.

The founding of America. National Museum of African American History & Culture.

The Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Foundation. Overview + history.

Urban Dictionary

Kaiser, L. (n.d.). Understanding Barriers to Immigration by Listening to Ellis Island Oral Histories.

University of Pittsburgh's Voices Across Time. The New Millenium: American Land, Bruce Springsteen, 2006.

Wilson, C. (October 5, 2020). N-word: The troubled history of the racial slur. BBC News Online.

Images

Bourke-White. (1937). "At the Time of the Louisville Flood".

By Ben Shahn (1898–1969) - Library of Congress: Photographs of Signs Enforcing Racial Discrimination: Documentation by Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information Photographers; Location: F-9063; Reproduction Number: LC-USF33-6392-M4, Public domain.

By Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-1988-0719-38 / Uhlemann, Thomas / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 de.

By Daniel Torok - White HouseFacebook, Public domain.

By Edward Williams Clay - Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities at the University of Virginia: Home - pic, Public Domain.

By Frank C. Müller, CC BY-SA 4.0.

By Fuzheado - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0.

By Katherine Fisher - Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original uploader was Snidleysnide at en.wikipedia, CC BY 3.0 us.

By Mika-photography (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Mika-photography) - File:Eminem-02-mika.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0.

By Rowland Scherman - U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Public Domain.

By Jack Delano.

By Jack Delano (2).

By Joseph A. Horne - Photograph by Joseph A. Horne. Via Library of Congress site [1], Public Domain.

Photo by British Library on Unsplash.