As a major hub for technology, manufacturing, and commerce, Seoul typically experiences between 23℃ and 30℃ during the summer. 

However, the urban heat island effect has made the city increasingly hotter and potentially dangerous during heat waves. In recent years, the number of days exceeding 33℃  has been rising, and a striking example occurred in 2018 when Seoul recorded a record-breaking maximum temperature of 39.6℃ .

 This extreme heat highlights the urgent need for urban cooling strategies and sustainability from worsening climate impacts.