Indian HistoryÂ
đ Q1. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Revolt of 1857.
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â Answer (English):
Introduction:
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a major uprising against British rule in India. It began in Meerut on May 10, 1857.
Causes:
Political: Doctrine of Lapse and annexation policies by Lord Dalhousie.
Economic: Heavy taxation, destruction of local industries.
Social & Religious: Interference in social customs, fear of religious conversion.
Military: Discrimination against Indian soldiers, use of greased cartridges.
Immediate Cause: The introduction of Enfield rifle with greased cartridges.
Consequences:
End of the rule of East India Company.
Beginning of direct rule by the British Crown (Act of 1858).
Reorganization of the army.
More cautious British policies towards Indian traditions.
Emergence of Indian nationalism in the long run.
Conclusion:
Though the revolt was unsuccessful, it marked the beginning of a new era in Indian freedom struggle.
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đ Q2. Explain the administrative reforms of Lord Cornwallis.
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â Answer (English):
Introduction:
Lord Cornwallis served as the Governor-General of India from 1786 to 1793. He introduced major reforms in administration, justice, and revenue.
Administrative Reforms:
Civil Services: Introduced permanent and salaried civil services to reduce corruption.
Judicial Reforms: Established separate civil and criminal courts; introduced 'Cornwallis Code'.
Police Reforms: Set up organized police force under district magistrates.
Revenue Reforms: Implemented the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793.
Merit-based Promotion: Discouraged favoritism; encouraged efficiency and integrity.
Conclusion:
Cornwallisâs reforms created a structured British administrative system in India, which lasted for decades.
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đ Q3. Describe the main features of the Mauryan Administration.
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â Answer (English):
Introduction:
The Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, had a highly centralized and efficient administrative system.
Main Features:
Centralized Government: The King was the supreme authority.
Mantriparishad: A council of ministers advised the king.
District Administration: Empire was divided into provinces and districts, governed by officials.
Revenue System: Land revenue was the main source of income.
Espionage: A strong spy system to gather information.
Judiciary: Separate departments for civil and criminal justice.
Public Welfare: Emphasis on irrigation, roads, hospitals, and education under Ashoka.
Conclusion:
The Mauryan administration laid the foundation for future Indian empires and showed the strength of centralized governance.
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đ Q4. Evaluate the significance of Ashokaâs Dhamma.
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Answer (English):
Ashokaâs Dhamma was a moral code that promoted tolerance, compassion, and non-violence. It helped unify the diverse empire by encouraging religious harmony and ethical living. The Dhamma emphasized duties over rituals and promoted welfare activities like building hospitals, roads, and wells.
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āĻāĻļāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϝāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻāϰā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāϤ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻ, āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ, āϰāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāύāĻāϞā§āϝāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻš āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāϤāĨ¤
đ Q5. Write a note on the achievements of Harshavardhana.
đ āĻšāϰā§āώāĻŦāϰā§āϧāύā§āϰ āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
Harshavardhana (606â647 AD) united North India after the fall of the Gupta Empire. He was a patron of art and literature, supported Nalanda University, and maintained diplomatic relations with China. His rule was marked by religious tolerance and welfare.
đŠ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāϰā§āώāĻŦāϰā§āϧāύ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϝāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āώāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āύāĻžāϞāύā§āĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨāύ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āύā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϰāĻžāĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻž āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ā§ āϏāĻšāĻŋāώā§āĻŖā§āϤāĻž āĻ āĻāϞā§āϝāĻžāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
đ Q6. Describe the administrative system of the Gupta Empire.
đ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The Gupta Empire followed a decentralized system with local self-governments. Kings were powerful but allowed village councils. Important officials included Kumaramatyas and Sandhivigrahikas. Justice was based on Dharma-shastra.
đŠ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϝā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāϰā§āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϝ, āϏāύā§āϧāĻŋ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŋāĻ āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻļāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāϞāϤāĨ¤
đ Q7. Discuss the role of Bhakti Movement in medieval India.
đ āĻŽāϧā§āϝāϝā§āĻā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The Bhakti Movement emphasized devotion to God without rituals. Saints like Kabir, Mirabai, and Chaitanya spread the message of equality, love, and personal connection with God. It helped reduce caste discrimination and brought unity among people.
đŠ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§ā§, āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āύā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦā§āϰ, āĻŽā§āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ, āĻā§āϤāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧā§āϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ, āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āĻ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻ āĻāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžā§āĨ¤
đ Q8. Explain the main features of the Mughal administration.
đ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
Mughal administration was centralized with the emperor at the top. The empire was divided into Subas, governed by Subedars. Mansabdari system was used to organize the army and officials. Revenue system (Zabt) was efficient under Akbar.
đŠ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§āϤ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ āϏā§āĻŦāĻž-āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻŽāύāϏāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āϏā§āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧠āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϤāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŦāϰā§āϰ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž âāĻāĻžāĻŦā§â āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāύā§āύāϤāĨ¤
đ Q9. Write a note on the reforms of Sher Shah Suri.
đ āĻļā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻšā§āϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
Sher Shah Suri introduced administrative, military, and revenue reforms. He built the Grand Trunk Road, standardized coinage, introduced a postal system, and an efficient land revenue system. His reforms were later adopted by the Mughals.
đŠ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻļā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āĻ āϰā§āĻĄ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻŽā§āĻāϞāϰāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đ Q10. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire.
đ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The decline of the Mughal Empire was due to weak successors, constant wars, decline in revenue, and rise of regional powers. Aurangzebâs policies alienated many groups. Invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali also weakened the empire.
đŠ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§, āϞāĻžāĻāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ, āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻ ā§āϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻāύāĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§ āĻ
āϏāύā§āϤā§āώā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āύāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻ āĻāĻšāĻŽāĻĻ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q11. Discuss the causes and results of the Battle of Plassey (1757).
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the British East India Company and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal.
Causes:
British interference in Bengal politics.
Misuse of trade privileges by the British.
Sirajâs attack on Fort William (Black Hole Tragedy).
Conspiracy by Mir Jafar, Jagat Seth, and others.
Results:
British gained political control of Bengal.
Mir Jafar was made the puppet Nawab.
Start of British dominance in India.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āĻĒāϞāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻšāϏā§āϤāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ, āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻĒāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻ āύāĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĻāĻāϞ āĻāϰ⧠āύā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q12. What were the main features of the Permanent Settlement of 1793?
Answer:
Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal.
Fixed land revenue to be paid by zamindars to the British.
Zamindars became hereditary landowners.
Peasants had no rights and suffered.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
ā§§ā§ā§¯ā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰā§āύāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāύā§āĻĻā§āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāϰāĻž āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻšā§ āĻ āĻā§āώāĻāϰāĻž āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžā§, āϝāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻāĻāĻ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q13. Describe the main achievements of Akbar as a ruler.
Answer:
Introduced an efficient administrative system.
Promoted religious tolerance (Din-i-Ilahi).
Abolished jizya tax.
Expanded Mughal empire through diplomacy and war.
Encouraged art, literature, and culture.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āĻāĻāĻŦāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻĻāĻā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāĻ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒā§āĻā§āώ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ āĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āώāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§ āϏā§āϏāĻāĻšāϤ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
Q14. Explain the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920â22).
Answer:
Led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Boycott of British institutions, law courts, schools, and foreign goods.
Aimed at Swaraj (self-rule).
Movement was suspended after Chauri Chaura incident.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāύāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻŽāύā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϤāĻž āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻāϏāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻšā§, āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āĻāĻŖāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻāύā§āĨ¤
Q15. What were the causes and effects of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
Causes:
Political annexation (Doctrine of Lapse).
Economic exploitation.
Social-religious interference.
Immediate cause: greased cartridges.
Effects:
End of East India Companyâs rule.
British Crown took direct control.
Army reorganization.
Increased racial discrimination.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻš āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļā§āώ āĻšā§ā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q16. Describe the administrative system of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka.
Answer:
Centralized monarchy with Ashoka as the supreme ruler.
Provinces governed by royal princes.
Use of edicts for communication.
Officials like Dhamma Mahamatras promoted welfare and ethics.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŽāϞ⧠āĻŽā§āϰā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϤāĨ¤ āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻšāϤā§āĨ¤
Q17. Discuss the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy to Indian society.
Answer:
Founded Brahmo Samaj (1828).
Worked for abolition of Sati.
Supported womenâs education and widow remarriage.
Advocated press freedom and rational thinking.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻāύāĻāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāύā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ⧠āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽāĨ¤
Q18. What were the objectives and impact of the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
Objectives:
Boycott of British goods.
Promotion of Indian goods.
Strengthen Indian industries.
Impact:
Rise of nationalism.
Growth of indigenous industries.
Spread of political awareness.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻā§āϤāύāĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q19. Explain the importance of the Quit India Movement of 1942.
Answer:
Launched by Gandhi with slogan "Do or Die".
Mass civil disobedience against British rule.
Leaders were arrested; movement went underground.
Prepared India for independence.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻā§ā§āĻžāύā§āϤ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϏā§āĻāĻŽ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q20. Describe the economic impact of British colonial rule in India.
Answer:
Destruction of Indian handicrafts and industries.
Drain of wealth to Britain.
Growth of landless laborers.
Famines due to revenue policies.
No significant industrial development.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻāĻļ:
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋ āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒ āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻšā§, āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤
Q21. Discuss the causes and results of the Revolt of 1857.
đ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The Revolt of 1857 was caused by several political, economic, social, and military factors. Major causes included the Doctrine of Lapse, high taxation, resentment among Indian sepoys over the use of greased cartridges, and disregard for Indian traditions. The revolt resulted in the end of the East India Company's rule, transfer of power to the British Crown, and reforms in the administration and army.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āϏāύā§āϤā§āώāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞ āϞā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāϏ āύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ
āϤā§āϝāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰ, āĻāϰā§āĻŦāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āϏāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āϰā§āϤāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ
āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāϏā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļā§āώ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q22. Write a note on the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
đ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§ā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer who fought against sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination. He established the Brahmo Samaj and promoted women's education and freedom of the press. He is considered the Father of Indian Renaissance.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϞā§āĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āύāĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύāĻ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q23. Describe the impact of British economic policies on Indian agriculture.
đ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻā§āώāĻŋāϰ āĻā§ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
British policies forced Indian farmers to grow cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium instead of food crops. High revenue demands and exploitation by zamindars worsened rural poverty. Frequent famines and land degradation were major consequences.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻā§āώāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĢāϏāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧠āύā§āϞ, āϤā§āϞāĻž, āĻ āĻāĻĢāĻŋāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āύāĻāĻĻ āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻ
āϤā§āϝāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻĻā§āϰ āĻļā§āώāĻŖā§ āĻā§āώāĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦā§ā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻāύ āĻāύ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āώ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻŦāϰāϤāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžā§āĨ¤
Q24. Explain the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
đ āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) led by Mahatma Gandhi marked a turning point in India's freedom struggle. It promoted boycotting British institutions, courts, and goods. It united Indians across regions and classes, making the freedom movement mass-based.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āϰāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ, āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻāĻŖ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āϰā§āĻĒ āύā§ā§āĨ¤
Q25. Write about the Quit India Movement of 1942.
đ ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The Quit India Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress under Gandhiâs leadership in August 1942 demanding an end to British rule. It led to mass protests, strikes, and imprisonment of leaders. Though suppressed, it intensified the freedom movement.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻāϏā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰā§āϏ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻšā§ āύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āĻĒā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĄā§āĻā§ āĻāύā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϤāĻž āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤
Q26. Highlight the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in Indiaâs freedom movement.
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§ āϏā§āĻāĻžāώāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Indian National Army (INA) and sought foreign help to fight British rule. He gave the slogan âGive me blood and I will give you freedom.â His military efforts and sacrifice greatly inspired Indian nationalists.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏā§āĻāĻžāώāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻ āĻĢā§āĻ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āύā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏā§āϞā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ "āϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĨ¤" āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q27. Write a note on the Partition of Bengal (1905).
đ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ (⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ) āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύā§āĻ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 under Lord Curzon, citing administrative reasons. However, it was seen as a divide-and-rule policy. It led to widespread protests, the Swadeshi Movement, and eventually the annulment of the partition in 1911.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āϞāϰā§āĻĄ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ 'Divide and Rule' āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q28. Discuss the role of women in Indiaâs freedom struggle.
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§ āύāĻžāϰā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
Women like Rani Lakshmibai, Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, and Aruna Asaf Ali played key roles in the freedom movement. They participated in protests, faced imprisonment, and inspired mass participation, proving that the struggle was for all Indians.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϰāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻā§āώā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ, āϏāϰā§āĻāĻŋāύ⧠āύāĻžāĻāĻĄā§, āĻāϏā§āϤā§āϰāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§, āĻ
āϰā§āĻŖāĻž āĻāϏāĻžāĻĢ āĻāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āύāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āύā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āύā§āύ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āĻāύāĻāĻŖāĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
Q29. Describe the causes and consequences of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
đ āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer (English):
The massacre occurred on 13 April 1919 when General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful crowd in Amritsar, protesting the Rowlatt Act. Hundreds were killed. The event shocked the nation, united Indians against British rule, and led to non-cooperation movements.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Š āĻāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϞ ⧧⧝⧧⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ
āĻŽā§āϤāϏāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻļāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āύāĻžāϰā§āϞ āĻĄāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻļāϤ āĻļāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻžā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q30. What was the impact of the arrival of Europeans in India?
đ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻŽāύ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer (English):
European traders like the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British came to India for trade. Gradually, the British established political control. Their arrival affected Indian economy, politics, and culture, leading to colonization and resistance movements.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻĒāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāĻ, āĻĄāĻžāĻ, āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāϧāĻŋāĻĒāϤā§āϝ āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋ, āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĨ¤
31. Discuss the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in the socio-religious reform movements of 19th century India.
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy was a pioneer of the socio-religious reform movement in India. He fought against social evils like Sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination. He founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to promote monotheism and rational thinking in religion. His advocacy for women's rights, education, and press freedom left a lasting impact on modern India.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§ āĻāύāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻ āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĨāĻŋāĻā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϏāϤā§āĻĻāĻžāĻš, āĻŦāĻžāϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§§ā§Žā§¨ā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
32. Describe the causes and consequences of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: The revolt was caused by political, economic, social, and military discontent among Indians under British rule. The use of greased cartridges hurt religious sentiments. Its consequences included the end of the East India Company and the beginning of direct Crown rule in India. It also marked the start of organized nationalist movements.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āϏāύā§āϤā§āώāĨ¤ āĻāϰā§āĻŦāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
33. Evaluate the impact of British economic policies on Indian agriculture.
Answer: British economic policies led to commercialization of agriculture, causing dependency on cash crops. Peasants suffered due to high land revenue and lack of support during famines. It resulted in poverty, indebtedness, and degradation of rural life.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻā§āώāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϰāĻŖ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āώāĻāϰāĻž āύāĻāĻĻ āĻĢāϏāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāĻļā§āϞ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāύāĻž āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āώ⧠āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āϝ āĻ āĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤
34. What were the objectives and achievements of the Indian National Congress in its early phase (1885â1905)?
Answer: The early Congress aimed for moderate constitutional reforms, unity among Indians, and representation in government. Its achievements include promoting nationalism, raising political awareness, and laying the foundation of the freedom movement.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰā§āϏ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻāĻā§āϝ, āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§ā§ āϤā§āϞāĻž āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝāĨ¤
35. What were the causes of the Partition of Bengal in 1905 and the reaction it received?
Answer: The British partitioned Bengal to weaken nationalism by dividing Hindus and Muslims. It was met with widespread protest, boycotts, and the Swadeshi movement. The decision was revoked in 1911 due to intense opposition.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻŦā§āĻāĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻžā§ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āϰāĻĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
36. Discuss the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian freedom struggle.
Answer: Gandhi led major movements like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India. He introduced non-violence and satyagraha as tools for protest. His leadership united masses and made the freedom struggle a peopleâs movement.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏāĻž āĻ āϏāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ, āϏāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻžā§ā§āύā§āϏ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώāĻā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
37. Write a note on the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.
Answer: Launched with the Salt March, it aimed to defy unjust laws. It saw mass participation, boycotts of British goods, and picketing of liquor shops. Though suppressed, it intensified the demand for independence.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āϏāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āĻāύāĻāĻŖ āĻāĻāύ āĻ
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38. Analyze the importance of the Quit India Movement.
Answer: Launched in 1942 by Gandhi, it demanded immediate British withdrawal. Though leaders were arrested quickly, the movement witnessed violent and non-violent protests nationwide. It showed that British rule was no longer acceptable to Indians.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
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39. Explain the Cabinet Mission Plan and its significance.
Answer: Proposed in 1946 to negotiate independence, it aimed to keep India united with a federal structure. Though initially accepted, differences over grouping led to its failure, paving the way to Partition.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
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40. Describe the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose in India's independence movement.
Answer: Bose opposed British rule through armed struggle. He led the Indian National Army (INA) and sought foreign help against the British. His motto âGive me blood, and I shall give you freedomâ inspired many revolutionaries.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āύā§āϤāĻžāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāĻžāώāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧠āϏāĻļāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻ
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Q41. Describe the economic impact of British rule on Indian agriculture.
Answer:
The British rule transformed Indian agriculture to suit the needs of British industries. They introduced cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium, replacing food crops. High land revenue, the zamindari system, and forced cultivation led to peasant exploitation, famines, and rural poverty.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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Q42. Explain the role of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the social reform movement.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the pioneer of Indian social reform. He fought against Sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination. He founded the Brahmo Samaj to promote monotheism, education, and womenâs rights. His efforts laid the foundation of modern India.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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Q43. Discuss the main features of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to boycott British institutions, law courts, schools, and foreign goods. It encouraged spinning khadi, national education, and peaceful protest. The movement ended in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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Q44. Analyze the importance of the 1857 Revolt in Indian history.
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857, though unsuccessful, marked the beginning of Indian resistance against British rule. It united soldiers and civilians across regions, highlighting resentment against economic, political, and cultural policies of the British. It paved the way for later nationalist movements.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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Q45. Write a note on the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India's freedom struggle.
Answer:
Subhas Chandra Bose, a charismatic leader, formed the Indian National Army (INA) and sought foreign help to liberate India. He rejected Gandhiâs non-violence, believing in militant nationalism. His slogan âGive me blood, and I will give you freedomâ inspired many patriots.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏā§āĻāĻžāώāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āύā§āϤāĻž, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ âāĻāĻāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻ āĻĢā§āĻâ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻļā§āϰ⧠āύā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āϰ āĻ
āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϏāĻļāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ "āϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻĻāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϤā§āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦ" āĻāĻ āϏā§āϞā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q46. Explain the causes and results of the Partition of Bengal in 1905.
Answer:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal citing administrative reasons, but the real intent was to divide Hindus and Muslims. The decision faced widespread opposition and led to the Swadeshi Movement. Due to intense protest, the partition was annulled in 1911.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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Q47. Discuss the significance of the Quit India Movement.
Answer:
Launched in 1942 under Gandhiâs leadership, the Quit India Movement demanded immediate British withdrawal. It saw mass protests, strikes, and the arrest of leaders. Though suppressed, it showed India's resolve for freedom and marked the final phase of the independence struggle.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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Q48. How did the Indian National Congress emerge and evolve as a political force?
Answer:
Founded in 1885, the Congress initially aimed at moderate reforms. Gradually, it adopted assertive nationalism under leaders like Tilak and Bose. It became a mass movement under Gandhiâs leadership, playing a central role in the freedom struggle and forming governments post-independence.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧠āϤāĻŋāϞāĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻāĻžāώāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āύā§āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻāϰāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āύ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŖāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āϰā§āĻĒ āύā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āύ āĻšā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĨ¤
Q49. Describe the impact of Western education on Indian society in the 19th century.
Answer:
Western education introduced rational thinking, science, and liberal ideas. It created a class of educated Indians who led reform movements, questioned traditions, and demanded political rights. It also laid the foundation for nationalism and modernization in Indian society.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧠āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q50. Write a note on the contribution of women in Indiaâs freedom struggle.
Answer:
Indian women played an important role in the freedom struggle. Leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Aruna Asaf Ali, and others participated in protests, led movements, and endured imprisonment. Their courage inspired generations and challenged gender roles in politics.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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āϰā§āĻŖāĻž āĻāϏāĻĢ āĻāϞāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āύ, āĻā§āϞ āĻāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§āĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q51. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
The decline of the Mauryan Empire was due to multiple factors: weak successors after Ashoka, administrative inefficiency, over-centralization, financial strain from maintaining a huge army, and lack of communication with distant provinces. Internal revolts and the rise of the Shunga dynasty marked the final downfall.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŽā§āϰā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāϏā§āϰāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž, āĻ
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Q52. Evaluate the contribution of Harshavardhana in North Indian history.
Answer:
Harshavardhana unified much of North India after the decline of the Gupta Empire. He patronized art and learning, supported Nalanda University, and maintained diplomatic ties with China. His court poet Banabhatta wrote "Harshacharita."
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻšāϰā§āώāĻŦāϰā§āϧāύ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻā§ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āϰā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤
Q53. Explain the administrative system of the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The Delhi Sultanate was centralized. The Sultan was the supreme authority. It had a strong military structure, a department of revenue (Diwan-i-Wizarat), and a judiciary system. Land revenue was the chief income.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϞāϤāĻžāύāĻžāϤ⧠āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§ā§ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏā§āϞāϤāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϧāĻžāϰā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻ āϏā§āύāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞā§āĨ¤
Q54. Write about the Bhakti Movement and its impact.
Answer:
The Bhakti Movement emphasized devotion to God and rejected caste discrimination. Saints like Kabir, Tulsidas, and Mirabai spread its message. It promoted social harmony and regional languages.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
Q55. Describe the features of Mughal architecture with examples.
Answer:
Mughal architecture blended Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles. Use of red sandstone and white marble, domes, minarets, and gardens were key features. Examples: Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikri.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāĻāĻŽāĻšāϞ, āϞāĻžāϞ āĻā§āϞā§āϞāĻžāĨ¤
Q56. Assess the policies of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer:
Sher Shah reorganized the postal system, improved roads (Grand Trunk Road), introduced a standard coin system, and enforced efficient revenue collection. His administration influenced later Mughal rule.
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Q57. Analyze the social and religious reform movements of the 19th century.
Answer:
Movements like Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj fought social evils like Sati and child marriage. Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy and Dayananda Saraswati promoted rational thinking and womenâs rights.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύāĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ā§ āĻ
āύā§āϧāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q58. Explain the causes of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
The revolt stemmed from political annexations (Doctrine of Lapse), economic hardships, military grievances, and religious interference (greased cartridges).
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§-āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻĒā§āĻāύ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āĻ
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Q59. Discuss the role of Indian press in the freedom movement.
Answer:
Newspapers like Amrita Bazar Patrika, Kesari, and Bengalee exposed British atrocities, spread nationalist ideas, and united people. Journalists like Tilak and Surendranath Banerjee played vital roles.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q60. What were the causes and consequences of the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
Answer:
The British partitioned Bengal citing administrative reasons, but it aimed to divide Hindus and Muslims. Massive protests and Swadeshi Movement followed. It was annulled in 1911.
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āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāϏāϞ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāύ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
Q61. Discuss the main causes of the decline of the Maurya Empire.
āĻŽā§āϰā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: The decline was due to weak successors after Ashoka, over-centralization of power, large administration that was difficult to manage, and economic strain caused by military and welfare expenditure.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ, āĻ
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āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāύāĻāϞā§āϝāĻžāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻŦā§āϝā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻ
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Q62. Evaluate the administrative system of the Gupta Empire.
āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: The Guptas had a decentralized system, with local autonomy in villages. They followed a feudal structure, and officials were paid through land grants.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϝā§āĻā§ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžā§āϤā§āϤāĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϤā§āĨ¤
Q63. Describe the cultural contributions of the Kushanas.
āĻā§āώāĻžāĻŖ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: They promoted Gandhara art, encouraged Sanskrit literature, and patronized Buddhism.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āώāĻžāĻŖāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāύā§āϧāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻāύā§āύā§āύ, āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āώāĻāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤
Q64. Explain the causes and consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat.
āϤā§āϤā§ā§ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĻĒāĻĨā§āϰ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Causes include Maratha expansion and Afghan resistance. Consequences: heavy loss to Marathas, decline of their power, and instability in North India.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ āĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻĢāĻāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻšā§, āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžā§ āĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞāĻž āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q65. Assess the economic impact of British land revenue policies.
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Led to peasant exploitation, rural indebtedness, decline in agriculture and frequent famines.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āώāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ, āĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž, āĻā§āώāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāύāϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āώ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Q66. Discuss the features of the Ryotwari system.
āϰāĻžā§āϤāĻā§āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Direct revenue settlement with peasants, no intermediaries, prevalent in Madras and Bombay Presidencies.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āώāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻāĻĻāĻžā§, āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŽāϧā§āϝāϏā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻŽā§āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āϏāĻŋāĻĄā§āύā§āϏāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
Q67. Analyze the role of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in social reform.
āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§ā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: He fought against Sati, supported widow remarriage, founded Brahmo Samaj, and promoted Western education.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϏāϤā§āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧā§, āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώā§, āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤
Q68. Write a note on the contribution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: He worked for widow remarriage, womenâs education, simplified Bengali prose, and led educational reform.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āύāĻžāϰā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻšāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāĻĻā§āϝ āϰāĻāύāĻž āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύāĨ¤
Q69. Describe the impact of the 1857 revolt on British policy in India.
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϏā§āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer: End of Company rule, start of Crown rule, reorganization of army, and new policies to appease princes.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ, āϰāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļā§āϰā§, āϏā§āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻāĻ āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāύā§āϤā§āώā§āĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āύāϤā§āύ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q70. What were the main objectives of the Indian National Congress at the time of its formation?
āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰā§āϏā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āϞ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer: To secure a greater share in government for Indians and present demands to British in a peaceful manner.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻ āĻļāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧠āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
Q71. Explain the significance of the Partition of Bengal (1905).
⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: It led to the Swadeshi movement, boycott of British goods, rise of nationalism, and eventual annulment in 1911.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§, āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāϰā§āĻāύ, āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q72. Discuss the role of the Home Rule League in Indiaâs freedom struggle.
āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻšā§āĻŽ āϰā§āϞ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Started by Tilak and Annie Besant, it mobilized masses for self-government and revived political activity.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϤāĻŋāϞāĻ āĻ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϏāĻžāύā§āĻ āĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āύ, āϝāĻž āϏā§āĻŦāĻžā§āϤā§āϤāĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āϤā§āϞ⧠āĻ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q73. Examine the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose to the national movement.
āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻžāώāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Formed INA, Azad Hind Government, sought foreign support, and inspired youth with his militant patriotism.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻ āĻĢā§āĻ āĻāĻ āύ, āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨāύ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽā§ āϝā§āĻŦ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
Q74. Describe the Quit India Movement and its outcomes.
āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Launched in 1942, it was a mass movement with 'Do or Die' slogan, faced repression but showed resolve for independence.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻŖāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ, "āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāϰā§" āĻļā§āϞā§āĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻš, āĻĻāĻŽāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžā§āĨ¤
Q75. What were the main recommendations of the Cabinet Mission?
āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āϏā§āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Federal structure, groupings of provinces, interim government, and constituent assembly.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻā§āĻļāϏāĻŽā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāĻāϰāĻŖ, āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
Q76. Explain the causes of the failure of the Cripps Mission.
āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻĒāϏ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Due to offer of Dominion status after war, no immediate transfer of power, and rejection by Congress and Muslim League.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻļā§āώ⧠āĻĄāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋā§āύ āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž, āϤā§āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžā§ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻšāϏā§āϤāĻžāύā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰā§āϏ āĻ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āϞā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤
Q77. Analyze the significance of the Simon Commission.
āϏāĻžāĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: It faced boycott as it had no Indian member, led to Nehru Report and demand for complete independence.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻā§āύāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ āĻšā§, āύā§āĻšāϰ⧠āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻ ā§ āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
Q78. Describe the objectives and achievements of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Launched by Gandhi in 1920 to protest Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala massacre, it spread mass awakening.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āĻāĻŋ ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻ āĻāϞāĻŋā§āĻžāύāĻā§āĻžāϞāĻž āĻšāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āύ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻŖāϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻž āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q79. Evaluate the role of the Moderates in Indian freedom struggle.
āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύ āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Used constitutional methods, exposed British injustices, laid the foundation for later militant nationalism.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ āĻ
āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ, āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻļā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻĻāĻžāĻĢāĻžāĻāϏ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
Q80. Discuss the importance of the Dandi March.
āĻĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāϝāĻžāύ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer: Symbolized civil disobedience against unjust salt law, mass participation, and international attention.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž: āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻ
āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻ, āĻāĻŖ-āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ āĻāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q81. Explain the causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
The Mughal Empire declined due to weak successors after Aurangzeb, administrative inefficiency, financial bankruptcy, internal revolts, rise of regional powers, and foreign invasions (like Nadir Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali).
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāϰāĻā§āĻāĻā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨāϤāĻž, āĻāϰā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāϞāĻŋā§āĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻ
āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻš, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāϤā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ (āύāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš, āĻāĻšāĻŽāĻĻ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ) āĻŽā§āĻāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤
Q82. What was the significance of the Bhakti Movement?
Answer:
The Bhakti Movement emphasized devotion to God, rejected caste distinctions, and helped bridge Hindu-Muslim relations. It also promoted regional languages and literature.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžā§āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q83. Write a note on the contribution of Akbar to Indian administration.
Answer:
Akbar centralized administration, introduced Mansabdari system, efficient revenue system, and practiced religious tolerance through Sulh-i-Kul.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻāĻŦāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϰāĻŖ, āĻŽāύāϏāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāϧāϰā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦā§ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ (āϏā§āϞāĻš-āĻ-āĻā§āϞ) āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻā§āύāĨ¤
Q84. Describe the causes and effects of the Battle of Plassey (1757).
Answer:
The battle occurred due to the conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and British, betrayal by Mir Jafar, and misuse of trade privileges. It marked the start of British rule in India.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĒāϞāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϰ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻ-āĻāĻĻ-āĻĻā§āϞāĻž āĻ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāύā§āĻĻā§āĻŦ, āĻŽā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻĢāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻāĻžāϤāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻĒāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻāϰā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q85. Discuss the administrative reforms of Lord Cornwallis.
Answer:
Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement (1793), reformed police and judicial systems, and restricted Indian participation in administration.
Bengali Meaning:
āϞāϰā§āĻĄ āĻāϰā§āύāĻā§āĻžāϞāĻŋāϏ āĻāĻŋāϰāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ā§ āĻŦāύā§āĻĻā§āĻŦāϏā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻā§āύāĨ¤
Q86. Evaluate the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in social reform.
Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy fought against Sati, child marriage, and casteism. He supported women's education and founded the Brahmo Samaj for monotheism.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§ āϏāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻžāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨāύ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
Q87. Describe the causes of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
Main causes include political annexations, economic exploitation, cultural interference, and the immediate issue of the Enfield rifle cartridges.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻāϞ, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ā§ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϏā§āϤāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāύāĻĢāĻŋāϞā§āĻĄ āϰāĻžāĻāĻĢā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϤā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤
Q88. Assess the impact of the Revolt of 1857 on British rule in India.
Answer:
Though unsuccessful, it ended the East India Company's rule, led to the Queenâs Proclamation (1858), and brought changes in military and administration.
Bengali Meaning:
āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨ āĻšā§, āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻš āĻāϏā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŋā§āĻž āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ āĻāĻāĻžā§, āϰāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻž āĻāύāĻž āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
Q89. Explain the importance of the Vernacular Press Act (1878).
Answer:
The act curtailed freedom of Indian-language newspapers, showing British intolerance toward criticism. It created discontent among Indians.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻžāϰā§āύāĻžāĻā§āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āϏ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻŽāύā§āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻ
āϏāύā§āϤā§āώ āĻāύā§āĻŽāĻžā§āĨ¤
Q90. Write about the Ilbert Bill controversy (1883).
Answer:
The bill sought to allow Indian judges to try European offenders. British protested, leading to partial withdrawal. It sparked nationalist feelings among Indians.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāϞāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒā§ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻžā§ āϤāĻž āĻāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q91. Who was Dadabhai Naoroji? Why is he called the âGrand Old Man of Indiaâ?
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji was an early nationalist who exposed British economic drain theory and was the first Indian MP in British Parliament.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āύāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āύā§āϤāĻž āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻŽāĻĒāĻŋ āĻšāύāĨ¤
Q92. What were the objectives of the Indian National Congress at its founding in 1885?
Answer:
The Congress aimed at securing a share in administration, legal reforms, and raising voice against injustice through constitutional means.
Bengali Meaning:
ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻā§āϰā§āϏā§āϰ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧠āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ, āĻāĻāύ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻā§āĻžāĻ āϤā§āϞāĻžāĨ¤
Q93. Discuss the partition of Bengal (1905) and its impact.
Answer:
Partitioned by Lord Curzon, it aimed to divide Hindus and Muslims. It led to Swadeshi movement and rise of mass nationalism.
Bengali Meaning:
āϞāϰā§āĻĄ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
Q94. What was the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
It was a movement to boycott British goods and promote Indian industries, started after the Bengal partition in 1905.
Bengali Meaning:
āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻāύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āϝāĻž ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q95. Write about the Surat Split (1907) in Congress.
Answer:
The Congress split into Moderates and Extremists due to ideological differences at Surat in 1907.
Bengali Meaning:
⧧⧝ā§Ļā§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āϏā§āϰāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻā§āϰā§āϏ āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰā§āĻ āĻ āĻāĻā§āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϏā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŽāϤāĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q96. Explain the role of Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Indian politics.
Answer:
He was a moderate leader, mentor to Gandhi, and believed in reform through legislation and cooperation with British.
Bengali Meaning:
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰā§āĻ āύā§āϤāĻž, āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āϰ āĻā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāύāϏāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤
Q97. What was the impact of World War I on India?
Answer:
India contributed soldiers and money, faced inflation, but gained political awakening and increased demand for self-government.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϏā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§ā§, āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q98. Describe the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919).
Answer:
The reforms introduced dyarchy in provinces and expanded legislative councils, but failed to satisfy Indian aspirations.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āϤ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āĻāĻāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻļāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q99. Discuss the significance of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Answer:
On April 13, 1919, General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering. It shocked the nation and led to loss of faith in British justice.
Bengali Meaning:
⧧⧝⧧⧝ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ ā§§ā§Š āĻāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϞ āĻā§āύāĻžāϰā§āϞ āĻĄāĻžā§āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋ āϏā§āϤāĻŦā§āϧ āĻšā§ā§ āϝāĻžā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āύāώā§āĻ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q100. What was the Khilafat Movement and how did it merge with the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
The Khilafat Movement protested against British injustice to Turkey. Gandhi united it with the Non-Cooperation Movement to strengthen Hindu-Muslim unity.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āϤā§āϰāϏā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāύā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋā§ā§ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
101. Discuss the administrative system of the Maurya Empire.
đ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: The Maurya Empire had a centralized administrative system. The emperor was the supreme authority. Chandragupta Maurya established a structured bureaucracy. Kautilya's Arthashastra outlines departments like revenue, espionage, army, and justice. Provinces were governed by governors and districts by officers.
102. Explain the features of Jainism and its contribution to Indian culture.
đ āĻā§āύ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Jainism emphasized non-violence, truth, celibacy, and non-attachment. It rejected the Vedic rituals. It contributed to art, architecture (cave temples), and Indian philosophy. The principle of Ahimsa influenced Gandhi as well.
103. Evaluate the role of Ashoka in spreading Buddhism.
đ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Ashoka embraced Buddhism after the Kalinga War and became a patron. He sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and South India. His inscriptions and edicts promoted Dhamma. He organized the Third Buddhist Council.
104. Discuss the causes and consequences of the First Battle of Panipat.
đ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĻĒāĻĨ āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻžāĻŽ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: The battle was fought in 1526 between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi. Causes included Babur's ambition and Lodi's internal weaknesses. Resulted in the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India.
105. Analyze the impact of Bhakti Movement on Indian society.
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: The Bhakti Movement emphasized personal devotion over rituals and caste. Saints like Kabir, Tulsidas, and Mirabai preached equality and love. It promoted social harmony and challenged orthodoxy.
106. What were the achievements of Akbar as an administrator?
đ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Akbar implemented revenue reforms (Todar Mal's system), promoted religious tolerance (Din-i-Ilahi), centralized administration, and developed a strong military. He patronized art and culture.
107. Describe the economic reforms of Alauddin Khilji.
đ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻŋāϞāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: He fixed prices of essential commodities, regulated markets, and maintained detailed revenue records. Introduced a spy system to prevent corruption and black marketing.
108. What were the causes of the Revolt of 1857?
đ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Causes include political annexations (Doctrine of Lapse), economic exploitation, military grievances, and the greased cartridge issue. It was the first large-scale uprising against British rule.
109. Explain the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in the socio-religious reform movement.
đ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ-āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Rammohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj, fought against Sati and child marriage, and promoted womenâs education. He is considered the Father of Indian Renaissance.
110. Discuss the factors responsible for the rise of nationalism in India.
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Factors include British exploitation, Western education, print media, socio-religious reforms, and political unity. Events like the 1857 Revolt and formation of the Indian National Congress also contributed.
111. Describe the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose to the Indian freedom struggle.
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āϏā§āĻāĻžāώāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Bose formed the INA and sought international support against British rule. He was a radical nationalist who believed in armed struggle. His famous slogan was "Give me blood, I will give you freedom".
112. Evaluate the role of Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
đ āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Gandhi led the movement peacefully in 1920. He urged Indians to boycott British institutions and goods. It was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.
113. What was the outcome of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
đ āϏāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer: It mobilized masses, led to mass arrests, and internationalized Indiaâs struggle. Although it failed to achieve full independence, it increased nationalist fervor.
114. Describe the causes and significance of the Quit India Movement.
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āϤāĻžā§āĻĒāϰā§āϝ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Launched in 1942 due to Cripps Mission failure and wartime exploitation. It was a mass movement demanding immediate independence. Though suppressed, it marked the final phase of the struggle.
115. Explain the features of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
đ āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Proposed a united India with a federal structure. Recommended a Constituent Assembly. It was rejected by the Muslim League, leading to Partition.
116. Discuss the impact of British land revenue systems in India.
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Introduced systems like Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari. These caused peasant exploitation, rural poverty, and landlessness.
117. Evaluate the contribution of Rabindranath Tagore to Indian society.
đ āϰāĻŦā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ āĻ āĻžāĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻ
āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Tagore was a poet, philosopher, and reformer. He promoted education, rural upliftment, and cultural revival. He founded Visva Bharati and opposed nationalism based on hatred.
118. What was the role of women in the Indian freedom movement?
đ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āύāĻžāϰā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Women like Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Kasturba Gandhi participated in protests, picketing, and political leadership. Their involvement broke gender stereotypes.
119. Discuss the significance of the Indian Councils Act of 1909.
đ ⧧⧝ā§Ļ⧝ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻāύā§āϏāĻŋāϞāϏ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āϤāĻžā§āĻĒāϰā§āϝ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Also known as Morley-Minto Reforms, it introduced separate electorates for Muslims and expanded legislative councils. It sowed seeds of communalism.
120. Describe the role of press and literature in the nationalist movement.
đ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ⧠āϏāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāϤā§āϰ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Newspapers like Kesari, Amrita Bazar Patrika, and writings of Bankim Chandra and Tilak spread patriotic ideas, exposed British exploitation, and united Indians.
121. Describe the main features of the Mauryan administration.
Answer:
The Mauryan administration was highly centralized and hierarchical. The king was the supreme authority. The empire was divided into provinces, each ruled by a Kumara (royal prince). A strong bureaucracy, including officers like Amatyas and Rajukas, maintained law and order, revenue, and justice.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŽā§āϰā§āϝ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϧāĻžāĻĒā§ āϧāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϤāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϏā§āύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāĻāĻĒā§āϤā§āϰāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϝ āĻ āϰāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻž āĻāĻāύ-āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞāĻž, āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻļā§āύāĻž āĻāϰāϤāĨ¤
122. What was the impact of Alexanderâs invasion on India?
Answer:
Alexanderâs invasion exposed Indian kingdoms to the West, introduced new trade routes, and led to political unification under the Mauryas. It also weakened the existing powers like the Nandas.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāϞā§āĻāĻāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§ā§ āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§, āύāϤā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻĒāĻĨ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϝāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĨ¤ āύāύā§āĻĻ āϰāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻāĻļ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻšā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤
123. Evaluate Ashokaâs Dhamma.
Answer:
Ashokaâs Dhamma was a moral code promoting tolerance, non-violence, respect for elders, and welfare of people. It aimed to unify the diverse empire under ethical principles.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āϰ āϧāϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ, āϝāĻž āϏāĻšāĻŋāώā§āĻŖā§āϤāĻž, āĻ
āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏāĻž, āĻŦā§ā§āĻā§āϝā§āώā§āĻ āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻāύāĻāϞā§āϝāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻā§āϝāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āώā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
124. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
The decline was due to weak successors, administrative overreach, economic decline, and invasion by the Shungas. Ashokaâs pacifist policies may have also contributed.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤāϤāĻž, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āĻ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāϤāύā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ
āĻļā§āĻā§āϰ āĻ
āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻāĻžā§ā§ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
125. Explain the achievements of the Gupta period in science and art.
Answer:
The Gupta era is called the âGolden Ageâ of India. Aryabhata advanced astronomy; Kalidasa enriched literature; Ajanta caves show artistic brilliance.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤ āϝā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ 'āϏā§āύāĻžāϞ⧠āϝā§āĻ' āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰā§āϝāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāύā§āύā§āύ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϏ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻ
āĻāύā§āϤāĻž āĻā§āĻšāĻž āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāϰā§āώāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
126. What was the condition of women during the Vedic period?
Answer:
In early Vedic society, women had high status, access to education, and could participate in rituals. In later Vedic period, their status declined.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϝā§āĻā§ āύāĻžāϰā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ
āύā§āώā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧠āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŽā§ āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤
127. What were the causes and effects of the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Causes: Betrayal by Mir Jafar, British diplomacy.
Effects: British control in Bengal, start of colonial rule.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻŽā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻĢāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻāĻžāϤāĻāϤāĻž, āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ: āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϧāĻŋāĻĒāϤā§āϝ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻžāĨ¤
128. Analyze the reforms of Lord William Bentinck.
Answer:
He abolished Sati, suppressed Thuggee, promoted English education, and reformed judiciary and revenue.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻ āĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻāĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āύāĨ¤
129. Discuss the nature and impact of the 1857 Revolt.
Answer:
It was a sepoy mutiny with broader discontent. Though it failed, it led to the end of Company rule and beginning of Crown rule.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻš, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āĻāύ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āϏāύā§āϤā§āώ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ āĻāĻāĻžā§ āĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
130. What were the social reform movements of the 19th century?
Answer:
Movements by Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and others focused on widow remarriage, womenâs education, and abolition of caste and Sati.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§, āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻ āĻ āϏāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
131. Describe the administration of Sher Shah.
Answer:
Sher Shah introduced efficient land revenue reforms, a strong spy system, standardized coins, and a grand road network (GT Road).
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻļā§āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻĻāĻā§āώ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻĒā§āϤāĻāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
132. What was the role of the Arya Samaj in Indian society?
Answer:
It promoted Vedic values, opposed casteism and idolatry, and worked for womenâs education and social reforms.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāϰā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ, āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻ āĻ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§, āύāĻžāϰā§āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
133. Assess the importance of the Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
It was Lord Wellesleyâs policy to control Indian states by forcing them to keep British troops and give up foreign policy.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϞāϰā§āĻĄ āĻā§ā§āϞā§āϏāϞāĻŋāϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĻā§āĻļā§ā§ āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āϏā§āύā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļāύā§āϤāĻŋ āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšāϤā§āĨ¤
134. What were the objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
Launched by Gandhi in 1920, it aimed to resist British rule through boycotts of schools, courts, foreign goods, and nonviolent protest.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ⧠⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ, āϝā§āĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§, āĻāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻāύ āĻ āĻ
āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤
135. What was the impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
It awakened mass consciousness, broke salt laws, and challenged British legitimacy. Though suppressed, it strengthened nationalism.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāύāĻāĻŖāĻā§ āϏāĻā§āϤāύ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§, āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āĻāĻāύ āĻāĻžāĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϧāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŽāĻāĻŦā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
136. Explain the causes of the Partition of Bengal in 1905.
Answer:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal citing administrative convenience. The real reason was to divide Hindus and Muslims.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϞāϰā§āĻĄ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻāϏāϞ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāύ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
137. What was the significance of the Quit India Movement?
Answer:
It was the final mass uprising against British rule in 1942. It spread nationwide and demanded immediate independence.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻļā§āώ āĻŦā§āĻšā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻā§ā§ā§ āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§ āĻ āϤā§āĻā§āώāĻŖāĻžā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤
138. Analyze the impact of the arrival of Europeans in India.
Answer:
The Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British brought trade, conflict, and colonization. British finally emerged dominant.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĒāϰā§āϤā§āĻāĻŋāĻ, āĻĄāĻžāĻ, āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝ, āϏāĻāĻāϰā§āώ āĻ āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻļā§āώ⧠āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻāϧāĻŋāĻĒāϤā§āϝ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
139. Describe the achievements of Akbar.
Answer:
He established a centralized administration, introduced religious tolerance (Din-i-Ilahi), reformed revenue, and encouraged arts.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§ā§ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰā§āύ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ā§ āϏāĻšāĻŋāώā§āĻŖā§āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ (āĻĻā§āύ-āĻ-āĻāϞāĻžāĻšā§), āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻš āĻĻā§āύāĨ¤
140. What was the importance of the Cabinet Mission Plan?
Answer:
It aimed to form a united India with a federal structure. It failed to prevent partition but paved the way for Constituent Assembly.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻĄāĻžāϰā§āϞ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāύāϤ⧠āĻā§ā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϰā§āϧ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
â
Q141. Discuss the nature and significance of the 1857 Revolt.
đ Answer:
The 1857 Revolt was the first major expression of resistance against British rule in India. It was a combination of political, military, economic, and social causes. Though it failed due to lack of coordination and planning, it had great historical significance. It ended the rule of the East India Company and brought India directly under the British Crown.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āĻš āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻšā§ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļāĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ, āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻšā§āύāϤāĻž āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāϏā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻ
āϧā§āύ⧠āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
â
Q142. Evaluate the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Indian reform movements.
đ Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered the father of modern Indian reform movements. He opposed social evils like Sati and child marriage and advocated for women's rights and education. He founded the Brahmo Samaj and promoted rationalism, monotheism, and freedom of thought.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§āĻšāύ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāύāĻ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϤā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāϞā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻ
āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰā§āύ āĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻāĻā§āĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻš āĻĻā§āύāĨ¤
â
Q143. Describe the economic impact of British colonial rule on Indian agriculture.
đ Answer:
British rule led to commercialization of agriculture in India. Farmers were forced to grow cash crops like indigo and cotton instead of food crops. High revenue demands, zamindari system, and exploitative policies led to frequent famines and rural poverty.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āĻā§āώāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻā§āϝāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āώāĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāĻļāϏā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧠āύā§āϞ āĻ āϤā§āϞā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āύāĻāĻĻ āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻāĻžāώ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ āϰāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āĻ āĻļā§āώāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āώ āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â
Q144. Explain the causes of the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement.
đ Answer:
The failure of moderate leaders to achieve significant reforms, the partition of Bengal in 1905, and the repressive British policies caused dissatisfaction. Young leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai led the extremist phase emphasizing self-rule and mass agitation.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰā§āĻ āύā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤā§āĻŽāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āϝāϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ, ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻĻāĻŽāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻ
āϏāύā§āϤā§āώ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤāĻŋāϞāĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāύ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϞ āĻ āϞāĻžāϞāĻž āϞāĻžāĻāĻĒāϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āϤāϰā§āĻŖ āύā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāϰāĻŽāĻĒāύā§āĻĨā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰā§āύ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŖāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â
Q145. What was the Khilafat Movement? What was Gandhiâs role in it?
đ Answer:
The Khilafat Movement (1919â24) was started by Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliphate. Gandhi supported it and merged it with the Non-Cooperation Movement to unite Hindus and Muslims against the British. It helped in mass mobilization but ended after Turkey abolished the Caliphate.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ (⧧⧝⧧⧝â⧍ā§Ē) āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āϝāĻž āĻāϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤā§āϰ āϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāύā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨāύ āĻāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āύ, āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞāϤā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻāύāϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨāύ āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻļā§āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â
Q146. Analyze the importance of the Dandi March in the Indian freedom struggle.
đ Answer:
The Dandi March (1930), led by Gandhi, was a direct action against the salt tax imposed by the British. It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was non-violent yet defiant and attracted worldwide attention to Indiaâs struggle for independence.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāϝāĻžāύ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻžāύā§āϧā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āύā§āϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŽā§āύā§āĻ-āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â
Q147. What role did the Indian National Army (INA) play in the freedom struggle?
đ Answer:
The INA, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, aimed to liberate India with help from Axis powers during World War II. Though militarily unsuccessful, the INA inspired nationalistic feelings and the subsequent trials of its soldiers stirred mass protests across India.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
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ā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻā§āϤāύāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
â
Q148. Discuss the contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in national integration.
đ Answer:
Sardar Patel played a vital role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union after independence. He used diplomacy and firmness to bring over 560 princely states under Indiaâs fold, ensuring territorial unity and political stability.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§Ģā§Ŧā§Ļ āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻŦāϞāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āύā§āύ āϏāϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻāϤ āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤
â
Q149. What were the major causes of the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
đ Answer:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal citing administrative convenience, but the real aim was to divide Hindus and Muslims. It sparked massive protests, Swadeshi movement, and national awakening, leading to the annulment of the partition in 1911.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϞāϰā§āĻĄ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ
āĻā§āĻšāĻžāϤ⧠⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āύ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻā§āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āώ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§§ āϏāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
â
Q150. Explain the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 and its importance.
đ Answer:
The Cabinet Mission Plan aimed to preserve Indian unity and transfer power. It proposed a three-tier structure, a Constituent Assembly, and groupings of provinces. Though initially accepted, differences led to partition. It paved the way for India's independence and constitution.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϝ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻšāϏā§āϤāĻžāύā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻŋāύ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ, āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻŽāϤāĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ Partition-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
General ScienceÂ
Q1. What is photosynthesis? Explain its process.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻĢāĻā§āϏāĻŋāύāĻĨā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make their food in the form of glucose. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and initiates a chemical reaction.
Q2. What is the structure and function of the human heart?
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§?
Answer:
The human heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. It functions as a double pump system for pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Q3. Explain Newtonâs three laws of motion.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a force.
Second Law: Force = mass à acceleration (F=ma)
Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Q4. Describe the composition and function of blood.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āϰāĻā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removes waste products.
Q5. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another are called communicable diseases. Example: Tuberculosis, Influenza, COVID-19.
Q6. Explain the water cycle.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻāϞāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
The water cycle includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. Water evaporates, forms clouds, falls as rain, and collects in rivers or oceans.
Q7. What is digestion? Explain the process of digestion in humans.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻšāĻāĻŽ āĻā§? āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻšāĻāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler substances. It starts in the mouth, continues in the stomach and intestines, and ends in absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
Q8. What are renewable and non-renewable resources?
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻ
-āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻā§?
Answer:
Renewable resources are naturally replenished (e.g., solar energy, wind), while non-renewable resources are limited (e.g., coal, petroleum).
Q9. Define acid, base, and salt with examples.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ, āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϞāĻŦāĻŖā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer:
Acid: Sour, pH < 7 (e.g., HCl), Base: Bitter, pH > 7 (e.g., NaOH), Salt: Formed by neutralization of acid and base (e.g., NaCl).
Q10. Explain the process of respiration in humans.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Respiration is the process of breaking down glucose using oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in mitochondria.
đ Q11â20
Q11. What is an ecosystem? Describe its components.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living things that interact with each other. It includes biotic (plants, animals) and abiotic (air, water, soil) components.
Q12. What is the role of DNA in inheritance?
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠DNA-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§?
Answer:
DNA carries genetic information and is responsible for passing traits from parents to offspring. It controls cellular functions and heredity.
Q13. Explain the causes and effects of air pollution.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Causes: vehicle emissions, factories, burning of fossil fuels. Effects: respiratory diseases, acid rain, global warming.
Q14. What are the main parts of a plant and their functions?
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§?
Answer:
Roots absorb water, stems transport nutrients, leaves perform photosynthesis, flowers help in reproduction.
Q15. Describe the solar system.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āϏā§āϰāĻāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
The solar system includes the sun, eight planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The sun is at the center and provides heat and light.
Q16. What are simple machines? Give examples.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āϏāϰāϞ āϝāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§? āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Simple machines are tools that make work easier. Examples: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, screw, inclined plane.
Q17. What is electricity? Explain Ohmâs law.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§ āĻā§? āĻāĻšāĻŽā§āϰ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Electricity is the flow of electric charge. Ohmâs law states that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
Q18. Explain the structure of an atom.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
An atom consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons revolving around it in orbits.
Q19. What is vaccination? Why is it important?
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ?
Answer:
Vaccination is the process of giving a vaccine to build immunity against a disease. It prevents the spread of infectious diseases.
Q20. Explain the three states of matter with examples.
đ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer:
Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (oxygen). Solids have fixed shape, liquids have fixed volume, gases have neither.
Q21. Explain the working principle of a pressure cooker.
đ āĻĒā§āϰā§āϏāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞāύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
A pressure cooker works by creating steam pressure inside a sealed pot. As the water inside boils, it produces steam that increases the pressure. This elevated pressure raises the boiling point of water, allowing food to cook faster.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĒā§āϰā§āϏāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāϞ āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžāώā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻĒ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāϞ āĻĢā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāώā§āĻĒ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āĻāϞā§āϰ āϏā§āĻĢā§āĻāύāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āϰāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q22. What are the differences between reflection and refraction of light?
đ āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it hits a surface, while refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧠āĻāϏāĻž, āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻšāĻā§āĻžāĨ¤
Q23. What is blood pressure? How is it measured?
đ āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§?
Answer:
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and recorded in mm Hg as systolic/diastolic pressure.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϰāĻā§āϤ āϧāĻŽāύ⧠āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϰ⧠āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻ/āĻĄāĻžā§āĻžāϏā§āĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q24. Explain the greenhouse effect.
đ āĻā§āϰā§āύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
The greenhouse effect is the process by which greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to an increase in temperature. It is essential for maintaining life but excessive greenhouse effect causes global warming.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻā§āϰā§āύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻā§, āĻĢāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻā§āϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϞ āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q25. What are the uses of microorganisms in industry?
đ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻ
āĻŖā§āĻā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻā§ āĻā§?
Answer:
Microorganisms are used in industries for fermentation (e.g., alcohol, vinegar), dairy products (curd, cheese), antibiotics, and cleaning oil spills.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ
āĻŖā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻĢāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āύā§āĻā§āĻļāύā§āϰ (āĻŽāĻĻ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ), āĻĻā§āĻā§āϧāĻāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ (āĻĻāĻ, āĻāĻŋāĻ), āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤā§āϞ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϞ⧠āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Q26. How does vaccination work?
đ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§?
Answer:
Vaccination introduces a weakened or dead pathogen into the body to stimulate the immune system. This helps the body recognize and fight future infections by the same pathogen.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϰ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
Q27. Describe the structure and function of the human heart.
đ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
The human heart has four chambers â two atria and two ventricles. It pumps oxygenated blood to the body and receives deoxygenated blood for purification in the lungs.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āώā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āϞāĻŋāύā§āĻĻ āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϞāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāĻšā§āύ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤
Q28. What is the role of ozone layer in the atmosphere?
đ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§?
Answer:
The ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, protecting living organisms from UV-induced damage like skin cancer and eye problems.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰ āϏā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āύāĻŋ āϰāĻļā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤ āϤā§āĻŦāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāύāϏāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q29. Explain the principle of a rocket.
đ āϰāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞāύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
A rocket works on Newtonâs third law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The ejection of gas downward pushes the rocket upward.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāĻā§āĻ āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāϞā§: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϰāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ ā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q30. What is cloning? Mention its advantages and disadvantages.
đ āĻā§āϞā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻ āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism.
Advantages: Can help in organ generation, extinct species revival.
Disadvantages: Ethical issues, reduced genetic diversity.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻā§āϞā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻšā§āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ
āύā§āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž: āĻ
āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻāύā§āĻŽāĨ¤
āĻ
āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž: āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž, āĻāĻŋāύāĻāϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Q31. What is the structure and function of the human heart?
đ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ āĻā§?
Answer:
The human heart is a muscular organ made up of four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower). It pumps blood throughout the body. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is pumped to the body via the left side, and deoxygenated blood from the body is sent to the lungs via the right side.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āώ āϰā§ā§āĻā§ â āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ (āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ (āĻā§āύā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻāϞ)āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϏāĻž āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϏāĻž āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāĻļā§āύā§āϝ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q32. Explain the role of the respiratory system in humans.
đ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
The respiratory system helps in the exchange of gases. It takes in oxygen from the air and removes carbon dioxide from the body. The main organs involved are the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāύ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āĻŽā§āϞāϤ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ, āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻŦā§āϰāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĄāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĢā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q33. What is the function of white blood cells (WBCs)?
đ āĻļā§āĻŦā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§?
Answer:
White blood cells protect the body against infections by destroying harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. They are an essential part of the immune system.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻļā§āĻŦā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻž (WBC) āĻļāϰā§āϰāĻā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻĨā§āĻā§āύ āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻ
āĻāĻļāĨ¤
Q34. Define photosynthesis. What is its importance?
đ āĻāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻā§?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. It produces oxygen and glucose. It is essential as it forms the basis of the food chain and provides oxygen.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
Q35. What are the causes and effects of deforestation?
đ āĻŦāύāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻā§?
Answer:
Deforestation is caused by urbanization, agriculture, and logging. It leads to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, and disruption of the water cycle.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻļāĻšāϰāĻžā§āύ, āĻā§āώāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻŦāύāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžā§ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžā§, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻšā§, āĻāϞāĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q36. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?
đ āύāĻŦāĻžā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻ -āύāĻŦāĻžā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻā§?
Answer:
Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally (like solar, wind), while non-renewable sources (like coal, petroleum) are limited and will run out.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āύāĻŦāĻžā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āϏā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ), āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻ
-āύāĻŦāĻžā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž, āĻĒā§āĻā§āϰā§āϞāĻŋā§āĻžāĻŽ) āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāϏāĻŽā§ āĻĢā§āϰāĻŋā§ā§ āϝāĻžāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Q37. Explain the basic structure of an atom.
đ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons revolving around the nucleus in shells.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āϤ⧠āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāύ āĻ āύāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϰāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻā§āϰā§āĨ¤
Q38. What is an ecosystem?
đ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§?
Answer:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment (air, water, soil) in a balanced system.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ (āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§, āĻāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ) āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Q39. What are communicable diseases? Give two examples.
đ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another through contact or air. Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ
āϏā§āĻ āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻā§āώā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻāύāĻĢā§āϞā§ā§ā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĨ¤
Q40. Describe the structure and function of the digestive system.
đ āĻĒāĻžāĻāύāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
The digestive system includes organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. It helps break down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use for energy and growth.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻĒāĻžāĻāύāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŽā§āĻ, āĻ
āύā§āύāύāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž, āĻĒāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻĨāϞā§, āĻ
āύā§āϤā§āϰ, āϝāĻā§āϤ āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āύā§āϝāĻžāĻļāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāĻā§ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰ āĻāϰā§, āϝāĻž āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q41. What is the greenhouse effect?
đ āĻā§āϰā§āύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻā§?
â
Answer:
The greenhouse effect is the process by which heat is trapped in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, leading to a rise in the planetâs temperature.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āϰā§āύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϞā§āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāώā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĒ āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§, āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q42. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
đ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
â
Answer:
Communicable diseases are those that can spread from one person to another through contact, air, water, or vectors. Examples include tuberculosis, influenza, and cholera.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āϰā§āĻ āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻāϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļ, āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āĻāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻā§āώā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻāύāĻĢā§āϞā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻāϞā§āϰāĻžāĨ¤
Q43. Explain Newtonâs third law of motion with an example.
đ āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
â
Answer:
Newtonâs third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. For example, when you jump off a boat, the boat moves in the opposite direction.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āĻā§āĻ āύā§āĻāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϞāĻžāĻĢ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧠āύā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāϰ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q44. What are the differences between physical and chemical changes?
đ āĻā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻā§?
â
Answer:
Physical changes do not change the composition of the substance (e.g., melting of ice), while chemical changes produce new substances (e.g., rusting of iron).
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ⧠āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āĻŦāϰāĻĢ āĻāϞāĻž), āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ⧠āύāϤā§āύ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āϞā§āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ āϧāϰāĻž)āĨ¤
Q45. What is photosynthesis?
đ āĻĢāĻā§āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻĨā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§?
â
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĨ¤
Q46. What is the function of the human heart?
đ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§?
â
Answer:
The human heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏāĻā§āĻāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§, āϝāĻž āĻāĻŋāϏā§āϝā§āĻā§āϞāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āĻ
āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q47. Explain the process of digestion in humans.
đ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
â
Answer:
Digestion in humans starts in the mouth and continues through the stomach and intestines. Enzymes break down food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻĨāϞ⧠āĻ āĻ
āύā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāύāĻāĻžāĻāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝāĻā§ āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āĻā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q48. What are antibiotics? How do they work?
đ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§?
â
Answer:
Antibiotics are drugs that kill or stop the growth of bacteria. They work by targeting bacterial cell walls or other essential functions of bacteria.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāώā§āϧ āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q49. What is the role of red blood cells (RBCs) in our body?
đ āϰāĻā§āϤ⧠āϞāĻžāϞ āĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ (RBCs) āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻā§?
â
Answer:
RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the bodyâs tissues and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
RBC āĻŦāĻž āϞāĻžāϞ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϏā§āϝā§āĻā§āϞāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāϏā§āϝ⧠āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ⧠āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĨ¤
Q50. What are the sources and effects of air pollution?
đ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āϏ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻā§ āĻā§?
â
Answer:
Sources include vehicle emissions, factories, burning fossil fuels, etc. Effects include respiratory problems, global warming, and environmental damage.
đš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āϏ āĻšāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύā§āϰ āϧā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻāϞāĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāύāĻž, āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĻāĻšāύ āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϝāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āϰā§āĻ, āĻā§āϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϞ āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻāϤ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Q51. What is osmosis? Explain with an example.
đ āĻāϏāĻŽā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Example: When raisins are placed in water, they swell due to the movement of water into them by osmosis.
đš Bengali Meaning:
āĻāϏāĻŽā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ
āϰā§āϧ-āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻāĻŽā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ āĻāύāϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻāύāϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖā§ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻāĻŋāϏāĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϰāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻĢā§āϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āύ⧠āĻāϏāĻŽā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžā§ āĻāĻŋāϏāĻŽāĻŋāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q52. Describe the structure and function of the human heart.
đ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
The human heart has four chambers â two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body: oxygenated blood from lungs to body, and deoxygenated blood from body to lungs.
đš Bengali Meaning:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āώā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ
āϞāĻŋāύā§āĻĻ (atria) āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϞāϝāĻŧ (ventricles)āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q53. What are communicable diseases? Name two examples.
đ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable diseases.
Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza
đš Bengali Meaning:
āϝā§āϏāĻŦ āϰā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§, āϏā§āĻā§āϞ⧠āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻā§āώā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻāύāĻĢā§āϞā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĻāĻž
Q54. Explain Newtonâs First Law of Motion with an example.
đ āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϏā§āϤā§āϰāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Example: A book lying on a table will not move unless someone pushes it.
đš Bengali Meaning:
āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āϤāϤāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āϝāϤāĻā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āϝāϤāĻā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻā§āĻ āϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ ā§āϞ⧠āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q55. What is a balanced diet? Why is it important?
đ āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ?
Answer:
A balanced diet contains all essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water) in the right amounts. It is important for growth, immunity, and overall health.
đš Bengali Meaning:
āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āϏā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
Q56. What is the function of chlorophyll in plants?
đ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§ āĻā§āϞā§āϰā§āĻĢāĻŋāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§?
Answer:
Chlorophyll helps in photosynthesis by capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy.
đš Bengali Meaning:
āĻā§āϞā§āϰā§āĻĢāĻŋāϞ āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĢāĻā§āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻĨā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžā§ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q57. Define ecosystem. Name its major components.
đ āĻāĻā§āϏāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āĻŽ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤
Answer:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.
Major components: Biotic (plants, animals) and Abiotic (sunlight, water, soil).
đš Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻā§āϏāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ (āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§), āĻ
āĻā§āĻŦ (āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ)
Q58. What is vaccination? How does it work?
đ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§?
Answer:
Vaccination is the process of injecting a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to fight future infections.
đš Bengali Meaning:
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āϰā§āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻāύ āϏāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻžāĨ¤
Q59. What are renewable and non-renewable sources of energy? Give one example of each.
đ āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻ
āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϏ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Renewable energy sources can be replenished (e.g., solar energy).
Non-renewable sources are limited and cannot be quickly replenished (e.g., coal).
đš Bengali Meaning:
āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϏ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ â āϏā§āϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ)āĨ¤
āĻ
āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϏ āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž (āϝā§āĻŽāύ â āĻāϝāĻŧāϞāĻž)āĨ¤
Q60. How are artificial satellites useful?
đ āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāϰā§?
Answer:
Artificial satellites are used for communication, weather forecasting, GPS, and scientific research.
đš Bengali Meaning:
āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϰāĻš āϝā§āĻāĻžāϝā§āĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϏ, āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q71. What is the structure and function of the human digestive system?
đ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšāĻāĻŽāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ āĻā§?
Answer:
The human digestive system is a complex system that breaks down food into nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and anus. Each part plays a role in digestion, absorption, and excretion.
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Q72. What are communicable diseases? Give examples and methods of prevention.
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Answer:
Communicable diseases are those that can spread from person to person through contact, air, water, or insects. Examples include tuberculosis, influenza, and malaria. Prevention includes vaccination, sanitation, and avoiding contact with infected persons.
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Q73. Describe the composition and importance of blood in the human body.
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Answer:
Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste. It also fights infection and helps in clotting.
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Q74. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
đ āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻā§?
Answer:
In a series circuit, all components are connected one after another, so the same current flows. In a parallel circuit, components are connected across common points, allowing multiple paths for current.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:
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Q75. Define renewable and non-renewable sources of energy with examples.
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Answer:
Renewable sources are natural sources that replenish, like solar, wind, and hydro power. Non-renewable sources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which take millions of years to form.
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Q76. How does vaccination work?
đ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§?
Answer:
Vaccination introduces a weakened or dead pathogen to the body, training the immune system to recognize and fight it in the future, thus providing immunity.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§ āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āϤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĻā§āĻšā§āϰ āϰā§āĻāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āϏā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύ⧠āĻĢā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤
Q77. Explain the causes and effects of acid rain.
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Answer:
Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released from burning fossil fuels. It damages crops, buildings, aquatic life, and soils.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:
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āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻ
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Q78. Describe the structure and function of the human brain.
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Answer:
The human brain has three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It controls thinking, memory, movement, coordination, and involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing.
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Q79. What is biotechnology? Mention some of its applications.
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Answer:
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or systems to develop useful products. Applications include genetic engineering, vaccine production, and biofertilizers.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:
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Q80. Write about the importance of water conservation.
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Answer:
Water conservation is essential for sustainable development. It ensures availability for future generations, maintains the water cycle, and protects ecosystems.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:
āĻāϞ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§āĻāϏāĻ āĻāύā§āύāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ
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Q81. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
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Answer: Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another through various means such as air, water, food, insects, or direct contact.
Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza, Cholera, Hepatitis B.
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āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻā§āώā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻāύāĻĢā§āϞā§ā§ā§āĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻāϞā§āϰāĻž, āĻšā§āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤
Q82. What is vaccination? Why is it important?
đ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ?
Answer: Vaccination is the process of introducing a vaccine into the body to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against specific diseases. It helps prevent diseases like polio, measles, and tetanus.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻĄāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāϰāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϞāĻŋāĻ, āĻšāĻžāĻŽ, āϧāύā§āώā§āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q83. Explain the process of photosynthesis.
đ āĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻšā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food (glucose) and release oxygen.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ (āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§āĻ) āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤
Q84. What is the structure and function of the human heart?
đ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: The human heart is a muscular organ with four chambers â two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻŋāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āώā§āĻ āĻāĻā§ â āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏāĻā§āĻāĻžāϞāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
Q85. Define ecosystem. Name its components.
đ āĻāĻā§āϏāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āĻŽ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻā§?
Answer: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment.
Components: Biotic (plants, animals, microbes), Abiotic (water, soil, air, temperature).
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻāĻā§āϏāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ: āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ (āĻāĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§, āĻ
āĻŖā§āĻā§āĻŦ), āĻā§ (āĻāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž)āĨ¤
Q86. What are the main types of pollution? Describe any two.
đ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϧāϰāĻŖ āĻā§ āĻā§? āϝ⧠āĻā§āύāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: The main types are: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and noise pollution.
Example:
Air pollution â caused by smoke from vehicles and factories.
Water pollution â caused by industrial waste, sewage, and plastic in rivers and lakes.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠â āĻŦāĻžā§ā§, āĻāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ:
ā§§. āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ â āĻāĻžā§āĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āϧā§āĻā§āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻšā§āĨ¤
⧍. āĻāϞ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ â āĻāϞāĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ, āύāϰā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāϏā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q87. What are renewable and non-renewable resources? Give examples.
đ āύāĻŦā§āĻāϰāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āĻ
āύāĻŦā§āĻāϰāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Renewable resources can be replenished naturally (e.g., solar energy, wind, water).
Non-renewable resources are finite and take millions of years to form (e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas).
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:āύāĻŦā§āĻāϰāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āϏā§āϰāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžā§ā§, āĻāϞ)āĨ¤
āĻ āύāĻŦā§āĻāϰāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ āύ⧠āϞāĻā§āώ āϞāĻā§āώ āĻŦāĻāϰ āϞāĻžāĻā§ (āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āĻā§āϞāĻž, āĻĒā§āĻā§āϰā§āϞāĻŋā§āĻžāĻŽ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ)āĨ¤
Q88. Write the importance of water conservation.
đ āĻāϞ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer: Water conservation ensures the availability of clean water for future generations, supports agriculture, maintains ecological balance, and prevents drought.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻāϞ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāύā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āϤāĻž āĻĻā§ā§, āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻāϰā§, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q89. How does the nervous system work in the human body?
đ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āϏā§āύāĻžā§ā§āϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§?
Answer: The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It receives signals from the body, processes them in the brain, and sends responses to different parts.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āϏā§āύāĻžā§ā§āϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŽāϏā§āϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ, āĻŽā§āϰā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āύāĻžā§ā§ āĻ
āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžā§, āĻŽāϏā§āϤāĻŋāώā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžā§āĨ¤
Q90. Explain the causes and prevention of deforestation.
đ āĻŦāύ āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Causes â Urbanization, agriculture, logging.
Prevention â Afforestation, strict laws, awareness.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:
āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ â āύāĻāϰāĻžā§āĻŖ, āĻā§āώāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ â āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžā§ āĻŦāύ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ, āĻāĻ ā§āϰ āĻāĻāύ, āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĨ¤
Q91. What is blood pressure? What are its normal levels?
đ āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻā§?
Answer: Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls. Normal level is around 120/80 mmHg.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāϞ⧠āϧāĻŽāύ⧠āĻĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ⧠āϰāĻā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ ⧧⧍ā§Ļ/ā§Žā§Ļ mmHgāĨ¤
Q92. What is balanced diet? Why is it essential?
đ āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§?
Answer: A balanced diet includes all necessary nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in right proportions. It helps in proper growth, immunity, and energy.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϝāĻž āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ
āύā§āĻĒāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻŦ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
Q93. How do vaccines work in our body?
đ āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāύ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻšā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§?
Answer: Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific germs. They prepare the body to respond quickly if exposed to the actual pathogen.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāϏāĻŋāύ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻā§āϤāύ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻĻā§āϰā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
Q94. What is the ozone layer? Why is it important?
đ āĻāĻā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ?
Answer: The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs harmful UV rays from the sun, protecting life on Earth.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āϏā§āĻā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϏā§āĻĢāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ⧠āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰ āϏā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻā§āύāĻŋ āϰāĻļā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āϏā§āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q95. What are antibiotics? When should they be used?
đ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ?
Answer: Antibiotics are medicines that kill or stop the growth of bacteria. They should be used only when prescribed by doctors to treat bacterial infections.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāώā§āϧ āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāϰā§āĻļā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāύāĻŋāϤ āϰā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Q96. What are the components of blood? Explain.
đ āϰāĻā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻā§ āĻā§? āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Blood is made of plasma (liquid), red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), and platelets (help clotting).
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āϰāĻā§āϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāĻāĻŽāĻž (āϤāϰāϞ āĻ
āĻāĻļ), āϞāĻžāϞ āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻž (āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰā§), āϏāĻžāĻĻāĻž āϰāĻā§āϤāĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻž (āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻāϰā§), āĻ āĻĒā§āϞā§āĻāϞā§āĻ (āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϧāĻžā§ āϏāĻšāĻžā§āϤāĻž āĻāϰā§)āĨ¤
Q97. What are greenhouse gases? Name a few.
đ āĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻā§? āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Examples: Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻāώā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āϧāϰ⧠āϰāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϞ āĻā§āĻžāϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ-āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āύ, āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄāĨ¤
Q98. What are the uses and dangers of nuclear energy?
đ āύāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻā§?
Answer:
Uses â Power generation, medical treatments.
Dangers â Radiation, nuclear accidents, waste disposal problems.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§:
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ â āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§ā§ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ, āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āϏāĻžāĨ¤
āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ â āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϰāĻŖ, āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻāύāĻž, āĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤
Q99. How can we control air pollution?
đ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ?
Answer: By using cleaner fuels, reducing vehicle emissions, planting trees, using public transport, and enforcing pollution laws.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻāĻžā§āĻŋāϰ āϧā§āĻā§āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻžāύā§, āĻāĻžāĻ āϞāĻžāĻāĻžāύā§, āĻāĻŖāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ ā§āϰ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§āĨ¤
Q100. What are the causes of acid rain? How does it affect the environment?
đ āĻ
āĻŽā§āϞāĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āϞā§?
Answer: Caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels. It damages plants, aquatic life, buildings, and soil.
đ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžā§: āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§ā§āĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϞāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧠āĻ
āĻŽā§āϞāĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž, āĻāϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§, āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q101. Explain the principle of conservation of energy with examples.
đ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer:
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another. For example, in a pendulum, potential energy changes to kinetic energy and vice versa.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§, āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāύāώā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ, āĻĻā§āϞāύāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŦ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ āĻ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŦ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q102. What are enzymes? Describe their role in digestion.
đ āĻāύāĻāĻžāĻāĻŽ āĻā§? āĻĒāĻžāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžā§ āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer:
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. In digestion, enzymes break down complex food molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler forms that can be absorbed.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāύāĻāĻžāĻāĻŽ āĻšāϞ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻāĻ āϝāĻž āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āϤā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻāύā§, āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻā§ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻļā§āώāĻŖāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤
Q103. Discuss the structure and function of the human heart.
đ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer:
The human heart has four chambers â two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āώ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ â āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϰāĻā§āϤ āϏāĻā§āĻāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāĻšā§āύ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ⧠āϝāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻšā§āĨ¤
Q104. Explain photosynthesis and its importance.
đ āĻĢāĻā§āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻĨā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. It produces oxygen as a byproduct and is vital for the survival of life on Earth.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĢāĻā§āϏāĻŋāύā§āĻĨā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšā§ āϝāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝāĨ¤
Q105. What is a balanced diet? Why is it important?
đ āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ?
Answer:
A balanced diet includes all essential nutrients in the right proportions â carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It helps maintain health, energy levels, and prevents diseases.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻŦ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϏā§āĻĨāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āϰāĻžāĻāϤā§, āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q106. Describe the nitrogen cycle.
đ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer:
The nitrogen cycle is the process through which nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms. It involves nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻĢā§āϰāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻĢāĻŋāĻā§āϏā§āĻļāύ, āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻā§āĻļāύ, āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϞā§āĻļāύ, āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āύāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻā§āĻļāύ āĻ āĻĄāĻŋāύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻā§āĻļāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Q107. What is pollution? Mention different types of pollution and their effects.
đ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§? āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer:
Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. Types include air, water, soil, and noise pollution. They lead to health problems, environmental degradation, and ecosystem imbalance.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļāĻ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āϧāϰāύ āĻšāϞ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§, āĻāϞ, āĻŽā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āύāώā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻāĻāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āύāώā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q108. What is the function of the respiratory system?
đ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§?
Answer:
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange. It brings in oxygen from the air and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Lungs play a vital role in this system.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§ā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻŋāĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤ āĻĢā§āϏāĻĢā§āϏ āĻāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q109. Explain the structure of an atom.
đ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰāĨ¤
Answer:
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons revolving around it in orbits. The atom is the smallest unit of an element.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāύ āĻ āύāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϰāύ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāύ āĻā§āϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāϞ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻāĻāĻāĨ¤
Q110. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
đ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another through contact, air, water, or insects. Examples: Tuberculosis, Cholera, Malaria.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āϰā§āĻ āϝāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ: āϝāĻā§āώā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻāϞā§āϰāĻž, āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
đš Q121. What are communicable diseases? Name any four such diseases.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻāϰā§āĻĒ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer: Communicable diseases are those that can spread from one person to another through various means like air, water, food, or contact.
Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza, Cholera, Measles.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻ āϏāĻŦ āϰā§āĻ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻā§āώā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻāύāĻĢā§āϞā§ā§ā§āĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻāϞā§āϰāĻž, āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
đš Q122. What are renewable sources of energy? Give two examples.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϏ āĻā§? āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer: Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally over time.
Examples: Solar energy, Wind energy.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻā§āϏ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻ āϏāĻŦ āĻā§āϏ, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āύāϰāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻĒāύā§āύ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϏā§āϰāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
đš Q123. What is vaccination? Why is it important?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ?
Answer: Vaccination is the process of injecting a vaccine to develop immunity against diseases. It helps prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻā§ā§ āϤā§āϞāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžā§āĻāĨ¤
đš Q124. Define water pollution. Mention two causes and effects.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāϞāĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§? āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer: Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies due to harmful substances.
Causes: Industrial waste, sewage.
Effects: Diseases, death of aquatic life.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāϞāĻĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻāϰ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āĻŽā§āĻļāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻāϞāĻĻā§āĻšā§āϰ āĻĻā§āώāĻŖāĨ¤
āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ, āύāϰā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāϞāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ: āϰā§āĻā§āϰ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ, āĻāϞāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϤā§āϝā§āĨ¤
đš Q125. Explain Newtonâs First Law of Motion with an example.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer: Newtonâs First Law states that an object remains at rest or moves in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
Example: A ball at rest remains at rest unless pushed.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāϤāĻŋ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ
āύā§āϝāĻžā§ā§, āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϞ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰāϞāϰā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāϞāϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ āϧāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻž āύāĻž āĻā§āϞ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤
đš Q126. What are the components of food? Why are they important?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻā§? āĻāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§?
Answer: Components: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water.
They provide energy, build body tissues, and support overall health.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ: āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āϰā§āĻ, āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāύ, āĻāϰā§āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ, āĻāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ, āĻāϞāĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻļāϰā§āϰ⧠āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžā§, āĻāĻŋāϏā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đš Q127. What are the different layers of the Earth?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰ āĻā§ āĻā§?
Answer: Crust (outermost), Mantle (middle), Core (inner - outer and inner core).
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻ (āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāĻāϏā§āϤāϰ), āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāϞ (āĻŽāϧā§āϝ āϏā§āϤāϰ), āĻā§āϰ (āĻ
āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰ āϏā§āϤāϰ â āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ
āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āϰ)āĨ¤
đš Q128. Explain the greenhouse effect.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases like COâ and methane, which leads to global warming.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻāĻā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāĻāϏ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϝā§āĻŽāύ COâ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻāώā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĨ¤
đš Q129. What is acid rain? How is it formed?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§?
Answer: Acid rain is rainwater mixed with acidic pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. These gases mix with water vapor in the atmosphere and fall as acid rain.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāϞāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻ
āĻŽā§āϞā§ā§ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§ā§āĻŦāĻžāώā§āĻĒā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đš Q130. What is osmosis? Explain with an example.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻ
āĻŽāĻŋā§āϤāĻž (osmosis) āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher.
Example: Water moving into plant roots.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻ
āĻŽāĻŋā§āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϧāĻž-āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻāĻŽā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻ
āĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻŽ āĻāύāϤā§āĻŦ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāύāϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāϞāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§ā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļāĨ¤
đš Q131. What are antibiotics? Why should they not be overused?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ āύā§?
Answer: Antibiotics are drugs used to kill or stop the growth of bacteria. Overuse can cause antibiotic resistance.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āϰā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻāώā§āϧāĨ¤ āĻ
āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āϧ āĻā§ā§ āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤
đš Q132. Explain the role of white blood cells.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻļā§āĻŦā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer: White blood cells protect the body by fighting infections, destroying germs, and producing antibodies.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻļā§āĻŦā§āϤ āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻž āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧ⧠āϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰā§, āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖā§ āϧā§āĻŦāĻāϏ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻĄāĻŋ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϰāĻā§ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đš Q133. What is photosynthesis? Write its equation.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāϰāĻŖ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Equation: 6COâ + 6HâO + sunlight â CâHââOâ + 6Oâ
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻ āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āĻāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đš Q134. What is the function of the human brain?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻŽāϏā§āϤāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§ āĻā§?
Answer: The brain controls all voluntary and involuntary actions, processes sensory information, stores memory, and enables thinking.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻŽāϏā§āϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻ āĻ
āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻžāĻ āύāĻŋā§āύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āĻ
āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰā§, āϏā§āĻŽā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đš Q135. What are microorganisms? Name four types.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻ
āĻŖā§āĻā§āĻŦ āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āϧāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer: Microorganisms are tiny organisms not visible to the naked eye.
Types: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻ
āĻŖā§āĻā§āĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§ āϝāĻž āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āϧāϰāύ: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž, āĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻžāϏ, āĻāϤā§āϰāĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āĻā§ā§āĻžāĨ¤
đš Q136. How does a solar panel work?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϞ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰā§?
Answer: A solar panel converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āϏā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϞ āĻĢāĻā§āĻā§āϞā§āĻā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āώā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝā§āϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
đš Q137. What is a balanced diet?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻā§?
Answer: A balanced diet contains all essential nutrients in proper proportions for maintaining health and growth.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āϏā§āώāĻŽ āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻšāĻžāϰ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰā§ā§āĻāύā§ā§ āϏāĻŦ āĻĒā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
đš Q138. What causes tides in the sea?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧠āĻā§ā§āĻžāϰ-āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻšā§?
Answer: Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth's oceans.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ āĻ āϏā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāϰā§āώā§ā§ āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ⧠āĻā§ā§āĻžāϰ-āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšā§āĨ¤
đš Q139. What is a constellation? Give one example.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āύāĻā§āώāϤā§āϰāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer: A constellation is a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern.
Example: Orion.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āύāĻā§āώāϤā§āϰāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāϏā§āϤ āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āύāĻā§āώāϤā§āϰāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻāϰāĻŋā§āύāĨ¤
đš Q140. What is electric current? What is its unit?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻ āĻā§?
Answer: Electric current is the flow of electric charge. Its unit is ampere (A).
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϞā§āĻāĻā§āϰāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻ
ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ (A)āĨ¤
Q141. What is Newton's third law of motion? Give an example.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Newton's third law of motion states that "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."
Example: When we jump off a boat, the boat moves backward as we move forward.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āύāĻŋāĻāĻāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāϞā§: "āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝā§āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤"
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύā§āĻāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϞāĻžāĻĢ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ, āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧠āϝāĻžāĻ āĻāϰ āύā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāĻāύ⧠āĻāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q142. Explain the difference between reflection and refraction of light.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Answer:
Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface.
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Example: A mirror shows reflection, and a straw appears bent in water due to refraction.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āĻĒā§āώā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧠āĻāϏāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦā§āĻļā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāϞā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻā§āύāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§, āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāύ⧠āϏā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžā§, āϝā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĢāϞāĨ¤
Q143. What are the uses of artificial satellites?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻā§ āĻā§?
Answer:
Artificial satellites are used for:
Weather forecasting
Communication
GPS and Navigation
Earth observation and mapping
Scientific research
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:
āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ
āϝā§āĻāĻžāϝā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ
āĻāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ
āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āϤā§āϰāĻŋāϤā§
āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ
Q144. What is an electric circuit? Name its components.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ⧠āĻā§? āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§āϞā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Answer:
An electric circuit is a closed path through which electric current flows.
Its components include:
Cell or battery
Wire
Switch
Bulb or load
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāύā§āϧ āĻĒāĻĨ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϝā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻšāϞā§:
āϏā§āϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ
āϤāĻžāϰ
āϏā§āĻāĻ
āĻŦāĻžāϞā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āϞā§āĻĄ
Q145. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻā§? āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from person to person through air, water, food, or contact.
Examples: Common cold, Influenza, Tuberculosis, Cholera
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ āϰā§āĻ āĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ
āϏā§āĻ āϝāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻāϏā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϏāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋ, āĻāύāĻĢā§āϞā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĻāĻž, āϝāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻāϞā§āϰāĻž
Q146. What is photosynthesis? Name the raw materials required.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻĻā§ āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώ āĻāĻā§? āĻāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻāĻĒāĻāϰāĻŖ āϞāĻžāĻā§?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Raw materials: Sunlight, Carbon dioxide, Water
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻžāϞā§āĻāϏāĻāĻļā§āϞā§āώ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻāϰāĻŖ: āϏā§āϰā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ-āĻ
āĻā§āϏāĻžāĻāĻĄ, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ
Q147. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻā§?
Answer:
In a series circuit, components are connected one after another; current is same everywhere.
In a parallel circuit, components are connected across; current is divided.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§; āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§āϞ⧠āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§; āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Q148. What is the function of the human brain?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻŽāϏā§āϤāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§?
Answer:
The human brain controls all body functions. It helps in thinking, feeling, movement, memory, and coordination.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻŽāϏā§āϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻļāϰā§āϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϞāĻžāĻĒ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž, āĻ
āύā§āĻāĻŦ, āĻāϞāĻžāĻĢā§āϰāĻž, āϏā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Q149. What are the characteristics of living organisms?
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻā§ āĻā§?
Answer:
Living organisms:
Grow
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Require energy
Excrete waste
Move (in some way)
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§:
āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§
āĻŦāĻāĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāϰā§
āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧ
āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ
āĻŦāϰā§āĻā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϤ āĻāϰā§
āĻāϞāĻžāĻĢā§āϰāĻž āĻāϰ⧠(āĻā§āύ⧠āύāĻž āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§)
Q150. What is biotechnology? Mention one application.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ: āĻā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§? āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Answer:
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or systems to develop useful products.
Example: Producing insulin using bacteria.
āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨ:
āĻā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāύāϏā§āϞāĻŋāύ āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĨ¤