Indian History 

📘 Q1. Discuss the causes and consequences of the Revolt of 1857.

👉 ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

✅ Answer (English):

Introduction:
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a major uprising against British rule in India. It began in Meerut on May 10, 1857.

Causes:

Consequences:

Conclusion:
Though the revolt was unsuccessful, it marked the beginning of a new era in Indian freedom struggle.


🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦ⧃āĻšā§Ž āĻ—āĻŖ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš, āϝāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ“ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāϰāĻžāϟ āĻļāĻšāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŽā§‡, ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš:
ā§§. āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•: āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄāĻžāϞāĻšā§ŒāϏāĻŋāϰ ‘āĻĄāĻ•āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāύ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ¸â€™ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ–āϞāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
⧍. āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•: āωāĻšā§āϚ āĻ•āϰ, āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāĨ¤
ā§Š. āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ: āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āϭ⧟āĨ¤
ā§Ē. āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ•: āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ, āϚāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϤ⧁āϜāĨ¤
ā§Ģ. āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻāύāĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āϰāĻžāχāĻĢ⧇āϞ āĻ“ āϚāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϤ⧁āĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāύāĨ¤

āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ:
ā§§. āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāĻžāύāĨ¤
⧍. ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āφāχāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āϕ⧁āχāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āĨ¤
ā§Š. āϏ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ āύāĨ¤
ā§Ē. āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻžāĨ¤
ā§Ģ. āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĨ¤

āωāĻĒāϏāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāϰ:
āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


📘 Q2. Explain the administrative reforms of Lord Cornwallis.

👉 āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āύāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

✅ Answer (English):

Introduction:
Lord Cornwallis served as the Governor-General of India from 1786 to 1793. He introduced major reforms in administration, justice, and revenue.

Administrative Reforms:

Conclusion:
Cornwallis’s reforms created a structured British administrative system in India, which lasted for decades.


🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž:
āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āύāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏ ā§§ā§­ā§Žā§Ŧ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ā§§ā§­ā§¯ā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°ā§āύāϰ-āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāύ⧇āύāĨ¤

āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ:
ā§§. āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāϏ: āĻŦ⧇āϤāύāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āϚāĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāύ, āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ—āĨ¤
⧍. āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—: āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĢ⧌āϜāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ; 'āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏ āϕ⧋āĻĄ' āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ: āĻœā§‡āϞāĻž āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϟāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀ āĻ—āĻ āύāĨ¤
ā§Ē. āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ: ā§§ā§­ā§¯ā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ 'āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ' āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤
ā§Ģ. āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻĻā§‹āĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ: āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāϤāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤

āωāĻĒāϏāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāϰ:
āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āύāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


📘 Q3. Describe the main features of the Mauryan Administration.

👉 āĻŽāĨŒā¤°ā§āϝ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

✅ Answer (English):

Introduction:
The Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, had a highly centralized and efficient administrative system.

Main Features:

Conclusion:
The Mauryan administration laid the foundation for future Indian empires and showed the strength of centralized governance.


🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:

āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž:
āϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻŽāĨŒā¤°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĨŒā¤°ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĨ¤

āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ:
ā§§. āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ: āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĨ¤
⧍. āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ: āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϏāĻ­āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
ā§Š. āĻœā§‡āϞāĻžāĻļāĻžāϏāύ: āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āĻœā§‡āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
ā§Ē. āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž: āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ†ā§Ÿ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĨ¤
ā§Ģ. āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤāϚāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž: āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤāϚāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
ā§Ŧ. āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ—: āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĢ⧌āϜāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
ā§­. āϜāύāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻŖ: āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇ āϏ⧇āϚ, āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž, āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

āωāĻĒāϏāĻ‚āĻšāĻžāϰ:
āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

📘 Q4. Evaluate the significance of Ashoka’s Dhamma.

👉 āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āϧāĻŽā§āĻŽ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻžā§ŽāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
Ashoka’s Dhamma was a moral code that promoted tolerance, compassion, and non-violence. It helped unify the diverse empire by encouraging religious harmony and ethical living. The Dhamma emphasized duties over rituals and promoted welfare activities like building hospitals, roads, and wells.

🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āϧāĻŽā§āĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āϝāĻž āϏāĻšāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž, āĻ•āϰ⧁āĻŖāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϚāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϤ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āϚ, āĻšāĻžāϏāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϞ, āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϜāύāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻš āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϤāĨ¤


📘 Q5. Write a note on the achievements of Harshavardhana.

👉 āĻšāĻ°ā§āώāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer (English):
Harshavardhana (606–647 AD) united North India after the fall of the Gupta Empire. He was a patron of art and literature, supported Nalanda University, and maintained diplomatic relations with China. His rule was marked by religious tolerance and welfare.

🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻšāĻ°ā§āώāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāύ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϕ⧇ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āώāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āύāĻžāϞāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟āϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§€āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϕ⧂āϟāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻž āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


📘 Q6. Describe the administrative system of the Gupta Empire.

👉 āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The Gupta Empire followed a decentralized system with local self-governments. Kings were powerful but allowed village councils. Important officials included Kumaramatyas and Sandhivigrahikas. Justice was based on Dharma-shastra.

🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āϏāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϕ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŋ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϚāϞāϤāĨ¤


📘 Q7. Discuss the role of Bhakti Movement in medieval India.

👉 āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ—ā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The Bhakti Movement emphasized devotion to God without rituals. Saints like Kabir, Mirabai, and Chaitanya spread the message of equality, love, and personal connection with God. It helped reduce caste discrimination and brought unity among people.

🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āϰ āφāϚāĻžāϰ āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦā§€āϰ, āĻŽā§€āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāψ, āϚ⧈āϤāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϭ⧃āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϧ⧁āϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ, āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āĻ“ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


📘 Q8. Explain the main features of the Mughal administration.

👉 āĻŽā§āϘāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
Mughal administration was centralized with the emperor at the top. The empire was divided into Subas, governed by Subedars. Mansabdari system was used to organize the army and officials. Revenue system (Zabt) was efficient under Akbar.

🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽā§āϘāϞ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§ŸāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāϟ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻž-āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϏ⧁āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻŽāύāϏāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϏ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤāĨ¤ āφāĻ•āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž ‘āϜāĻžāĻŦā§Žâ€™ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĨ¤


📘 Q9. Write a note on the reforms of Sher Shah Suri.

👉 āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer (English):
Sher Shah Suri introduced administrative, military, and revenue reforms. He built the Grand Trunk Road, standardized coinage, introduced a postal system, and an efficient land revenue system. His reforms were later adopted by the Mughals.

🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ• āϰ⧋āĻĄ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻĄāĻžāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻŽā§āϘāϞāϰāĻž āĻāχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


📘 Q10. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire.

👉 āĻŽā§āϘāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The decline of the Mughal Empire was due to weak successors, constant wars, decline in revenue, and rise of regional powers. Aurangzeb’s policies alienated many groups. Invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali also weakened the empire.

🟩 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽā§āϘāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀, āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻ”āϰāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻœā§‡āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€ āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āύāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻ“ āφāĻšāĻŽāĻĻ āĻļāĻžāĻš āφāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϰ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Q11. Discuss the causes and results of the Battle of Plassey (1757).
Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the British East India Company and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal.
Causes:

Results:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āĻĒāϞāĻžāĻļā§€āϰ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ, āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻ“ āύāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĻāĻ–āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q12. What were the main features of the Permanent Settlement of 1793?
Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
ā§§ā§­ā§¯ā§Š āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āύāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāϰāĻž āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻžā§Ÿ, āϝāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q13. Describe the main achievements of Akbar as a ruler.
Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āφāĻ•āĻŦāϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāĻ•, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āώāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‹āĻ—āϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻšāϤ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q14. Explain the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22).
Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻž āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāϜāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŖ āφāύ⧇āĨ¤


Q15. What were the causes and effects of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
Causes:

Effects:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦ⧜ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϰāĻžāϜāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q16. Describe the administrative system of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka.
Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āφāĻŽāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĨ¤ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ“ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤


Q17. Discuss the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy to Indian society.
Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ•āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏ⧀āĻŽāĨ¤


Q18. What were the objectives and impact of the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer:
Objectives:

Impact:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ“ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āϜāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q19. Explain the importance of the Quit India Movement of 1942.
Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻšā§‚ā§œāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϏ⧁āĻ—āĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q20. Describe the economic impact of British colonial rule in India.
Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ:
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ, āφāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤

Q21. Discuss the causes and results of the Revolt of 1857.
👉 ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The Revolt of 1857 was caused by several political, economic, social, and military factors. Major causes included the Doctrine of Lapse, high taxation, resentment among Indian sepoys over the use of greased cartridges, and disregard for Indian traditions. The revolt resulted in the end of the East India Company's rule, transfer of power to the British Crown, and reforms in the administration and army.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧋āώāĨ¤ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāϏ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ, āϚāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϤ⧁āϜ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧋āĻ­ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϰ⧀āϤāĻŋāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q22. Write a note on the contributions of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
👉 āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϞāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer (English):
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer who fought against sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination. He established the Brahmo Samaj and promoted women's education and freedom of the press. He is considered the Father of Indian Renaissance.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ•āĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϤ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϞ⧜āĻžāχ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύāĻŦāϜāĻžāĻ—āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ• āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q23. Describe the impact of British economic policies on Indian agriculture.
👉 āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāϰ āϕ⧀ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
British policies forced Indian farmers to grow cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium instead of food crops. High revenue demands and exploitation by zamindars worsened rural poverty. Frequent famines and land degradation were major consequences.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϏāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āύ⧀āϞ, āϤ⧁āϞāĻž, āĻ“ āφāĻĢāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āύāĻ—āĻĻ āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāϧāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻ“ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļā§‹āώāϪ⧇ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦā§‡ā§œā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϘāύ āϘāύ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āωāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϰāϤāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


Q24. Explain the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
👉 āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) led by Mahatma Gandhi marked a turning point in India's freedom struggle. It promoted boycotting British institutions, courts, and goods. It united Indians across regions and classes, making the freedom movement mass-based.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŽā§‹āĻĄāĻŧ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āϘāϟāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ, āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻ“ āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€ āĻ—āĻŖ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤


Q25. Write about the Quit India Movement of 1942.
👉 ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The Quit India Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress under Gandhi’s leadership in August 1942 demanding an end to British rule. It led to mass protests, strikes, and imprisonment of leaders. Though suppressed, it intensified the freedom movement.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āφāĻ—āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāϜ⧁āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϘāϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻšā§ āύ⧇āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĒā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĄā§‡āϕ⧇ āφāύ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻž āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤


Q26. Highlight the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India’s freedom movement.
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Indian National Army (INA) and sought foreign help to fight British rule. He gave the slogan “Give me blood and I will give you freedom.” His military efforts and sacrifice greatly inspired Indian nationalists.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁ āφāϜāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĢ⧌āϜ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϞāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āύ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻ¸ā§āϞ⧋āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ "āϤ⧋āĻŽāϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻŦā§‹āĨ¤" āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q27. Write a note on the Partition of Bengal (1905).
👉 āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— (⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ) āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύ⧋āϟ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The British partitioned Bengal in 1905 under Lord Curzon, citing administrative reasons. However, it was seen as a divide-and-rule policy. It led to widespread protests, the Swadeshi Movement, and eventually the annulment of the partition in 1911.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ 'Divide and Rule' āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ⧧⧝⧧⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q28. Discuss the role of women in India’s freedom struggle.
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
Women like Rani Lakshmibai, Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, and Aruna Asaf Ali played key roles in the freedom movement. They participated in protests, faced imprisonment, and inspired mass participation, proving that the struggle was for all Indians.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϰāĻžāύāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽā§€āĻŦāĻžāψ, āϏāϰ⧋āϜāĻŋāύ⧀ āύāĻžāχāĻĄā§, āĻ•āĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰāĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀, āĻ…āϰ⧁āĻŖāĻž āφāϏāĻžāĻĢ āφāϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āύ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āύ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖāϕ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q29. Describe the causes and consequences of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
👉 āϜāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ— āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer (English):
The massacre occurred on 13 April 1919 when General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful crowd in Amritsar, protesting the Rowlatt Act. Hundreds were killed. The event shocked the nation, united Indians against British rule, and led to non-cooperation movements.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Š āĻāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϞ ⧧⧝⧧⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻŽā§ƒāϤāϏāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞāĻžāĻŦāĻžāϗ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ“āϞāĻžāϟ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϜāĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻĄāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻļāϤ āĻļāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϘāϟāύāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻžā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q30. What was the impact of the arrival of Europeans in India?
👉 āχāωāϰ⧋āĻĒā§€āϝāĻŧāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻ—āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϕ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?

Answer (English):
European traders like the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British came to India for trade. Gradually, the British established political control. Their arrival affected Indian economy, politics, and culture, leading to colonization and resistance movements.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϤ⧁āĻ—āĻŋāϜ, āĻĄāĻžāϚ, āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāϧāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ”āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤

31. Discuss the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in the socio-religious reform movements of 19th century India.
Answer: Raja Rammohan Roy was a pioneer of the socio-religious reform movement in India. He fought against social evils like Sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination. He founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 to promote monotheism and rational thinking in religion. His advocacy for women's rights, education, and press freedom left a lasting impact on modern India.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āωāύāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻ“ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒā§Ž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϏāϤ⧀āĻĻāĻžāĻš, āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ā§§ā§Žā§¨ā§Ž āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻāϕ⧇āĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


32. Describe the causes and consequences of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: The revolt was caused by political, economic, social, and military discontent among Indians under British rule. The use of greased cartridges hurt religious sentiments. Its consequences included the end of the East India Company and the beginning of direct Crown rule in India. It also marked the start of organized nationalist movements.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧋āώāĨ¤ āϚāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϤ⧁āϜ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āφāϘāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


33. Evaluate the impact of British economic policies on Indian agriculture.
Answer: British economic policies led to commercialization of agriculture, causing dependency on cash crops. Peasants suffered due to high land revenue and lack of support during famines. It resulted in poverty, indebtedness, and degradation of rural life.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝāĻŋāϕ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻ•āϰāĻž āύāĻ—āĻĻ āĻĢāϏāϞ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāĻļā§€āϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āωāĻšā§āϚ āĻ–āĻžāϜāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤


34. What were the objectives and achievements of the Indian National Congress in its early phase (1885–1905)?
Answer: The early Congress aimed for moderate constitutional reforms, unity among Indians, and representation in government. Its achievements include promoting nationalism, raising political awareness, and laying the foundation of the freedom movement.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ, āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞāĻž āĻ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝāĨ¤


35. What were the causes of the Partition of Bengal in 1905 and the reaction it received?
Answer: The British partitioned Bengal to weaken nationalism by dividing Hindus and Muslims. It was met with widespread protest, boycotts, and the Swadeshi movement. The decision was revoked in 1911 due to intense opposition.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻŦ⧟āĻ•āϟ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻžā§Ÿ ⧧⧝⧧⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āϰāĻĻ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


36. Discuss the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian freedom struggle.
Answer: Gandhi led major movements like Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India. He introduced non-violence and satyagraha as tools for protest. His leadership united masses and made the freedom struggle a people’s movement.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āĻœā§€ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—, āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


37. Write a note on the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.
Answer: Launched with the Salt March, it aimed to defy unjust laws. It saw mass participation, boycotts of British goods, and picketing of liquor shops. Though suppressed, it intensified the demand for independence.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖ āφāχāύ āĻ…āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻŋāϕ⧇āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


38. Analyze the importance of the Quit India Movement.
Answer: Launched in 1942 by Gandhi, it demanded immediate British withdrawal. Though leaders were arrested quickly, the movement witnessed violent and non-violent protests nationwide. It showed that British rule was no longer acceptable to Indians.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āĻœā§€āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āύ⧇āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĢāϤāĻžāϰ āĻšāύ, āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‚ā§œāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āĨ¤


39. Explain the Cabinet Mission Plan and its significance.
Answer: Proposed in 1946 to negotiate independence, it aimed to keep India united with a federal structure. Though initially accepted, differences over grouping led to its failure, paving the way to Partition.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: ⧧⧝ā§Ēā§Ŧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϏ⧁āĻ—āĻŽ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāύ⧇āϟ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āφāύāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϕ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ā§Ÿ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‚ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻŽāϤāĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


40. Describe the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose in India's independence movement.
Answer: Bose opposed British rule through armed struggle. He led the Indian National Army (INA) and sought foreign help against the British. His motto “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom” inspired many revolutionaries.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύ⧇āϤāĻžāϜāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁ āϏāĻļāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāϜāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĢ⧌āϜ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϞ⧜āĻžāχ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

Q41. Describe the economic impact of British rule on Indian agriculture.
Answer:
The British rule transformed Indian agriculture to suit the needs of British industries. They introduced cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium, replacing food crops. High land revenue, the zamindari system, and forced cultivation led to peasant exploitation, famines, and rural poverty.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻĢāϏāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āχāĻ‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ—ā§‹, āϤ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ“ āφāĻĢāĻŋāĻŽ āϚāĻžāώ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āωāĻšā§āϚ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§œā§‡, āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ“ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°â€ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q42. Explain the role of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the social reform movement.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the pioneer of Indian social reform. He fought against Sati, child marriage, and caste discrimination. He founded the Brahmo Samaj to promote monotheism, education, and women’s rights. His efforts laid the foundation of modern India.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻĻā§‚āϤāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϤ⧀āĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāϕ⧇āĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āϗ⧇āχ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q43. Discuss the main features of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to boycott British institutions, law courts, schools, and foreign goods. It encouraged spinning khadi, national education, and peaceful protest. The movement ended in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ, āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ, āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϚ⧌āϰāĻŋ āϚ⧌āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ ⧧⧝⧍⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q44. Analyze the importance of the 1857 Revolt in Indian history.
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857, though unsuccessful, marked the beginning of Indian resistance against British rule. It united soldiers and civilians across regions, highlighting resentment against economic, political, and cultural policies of the British. It paved the way for later nationalist movements.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āϏāĻĢāϞ āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āϏ⧈āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϞ⧜āĻžāχ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§‹āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ—-āĻ•ā§āώ⧋āϭ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāσāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q45. Write a note on the role of Subhas Chandra Bose in India's freedom struggle.
Answer:
Subhas Chandra Bose, a charismatic leader, formed the Indian National Army (INA) and sought foreign help to liberate India. He rejected Gandhi’s non-violence, believing in militant nationalism. His slogan “Give me blood, and I will give you freedom” inspired many patriots.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āύ⧇āϤāĻž, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ ‘āφāϜāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĢ⧌āĻœâ€™ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āφāĻļā§āϰ⧟ āύ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϰ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻļāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ "āϤ⧋āĻŽāϰāĻž āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“, āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϤ⧋āĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ" āĻāχ āĻ¸ā§āϞ⧋āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āϕ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q46. Explain the causes and results of the Partition of Bengal in 1905.
Answer:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal citing administrative reasons, but the real intent was to divide Hindus and Muslims. The decision faced widespread opposition and led to the Swadeshi Movement. Due to intense protest, the partition was annulled in 1911.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āϜāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧋āĻ­ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āĻĒā§œā§‡ ⧧⧝⧧⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q47. Discuss the significance of the Quit India Movement.
Answer:
Launched in 1942 under Gandhi’s leadership, the Quit India Movement demanded immediate British withdrawal. It saw mass protests, strikes, and the arrest of leaders. Though suppressed, it showed India's resolve for freedom and marked the final phase of the independence struggle.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϜāĻŋāϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžā§œāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤ āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϘāϟ āĻ“ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻŦ⧃āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āĻĒā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ“ āĻšā§‚ā§œāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤


Q48. How did the Indian National Congress emerge and evolve as a political force?
Answer:
Founded in 1885, the Congress initially aimed at moderate reforms. Gradually, it adopted assertive nationalism under leaders like Tilak and Bose. It became a mass movement under Gandhi’s leadership, playing a central role in the freedom struggle and forming governments post-independence.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻŽā§ƒāĻĻ⧁ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϤāĻŋāϞāĻ• āĻ“ āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āύ⧇āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āφāϰāĻ“ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻžāϞ⧋ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϜāĻŋāϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŖāφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻ¨ā§‡ā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤


Q49. Describe the impact of Western education on Indian society in the 19th century.
Answer:
Western education introduced rational thinking, science, and liberal ideas. It created a class of educated Indians who led reform movements, questioned traditions, and demanded political rights. It also laid the foundation for nationalism and modernization in Indian society.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ ⧧⧝ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āωāĻĻāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ, āϕ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧇ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ“ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q50. Write a note on the contribution of women in India’s freedom struggle.
Answer:
Indian women played an important role in the freedom struggle. Leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Aruna Asaf Ali, and others participated in protests, led movements, and endured imprisonment. Their courage inspired generations and challenged gender roles in politics.

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏāϰ⧋āϜāĻŋāύ⧀ āύāĻžāχāĻĄā§, āĻ•āĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϰāĻŦāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀, āĻ…āϰ⧁āĻŖāĻž āφāϏāĻĢ āφāϞāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āĻ– āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āύ, āĻœā§‡āϞ āĻ–āĻžāĻŸā§‡āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚ⧟ āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ• āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q51. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
The decline of the Mauryan Empire was due to multiple factors: weak successors after Ashoka, administrative inefficiency, over-centralization, financial strain from maintaining a huge army, and lack of communication with distant provinces. Internal revolts and the rise of the Shunga dynasty marked the final downfall.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāϏ⧂āϰāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻžāĻĒ, āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšāĨ¤


Q52. Evaluate the contribution of Harshavardhana in North Indian history.
Answer:
Harshavardhana unified much of North India after the decline of the Gupta Empire. He patronized art and learning, supported Nalanda University, and maintained diplomatic ties with China. His court poet Banabhatta wrote "Harshacharita."
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻšāĻ°ā§āώāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāύ āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q53. Explain the administrative system of the Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
The Delhi Sultanate was centralized. The Sultan was the supreme authority. It had a strong military structure, a department of revenue (Diwan-i-Wizarat), and a judiciary system. Land revenue was the chief income.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϞāϤāĻžāύāĻžāϤ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏ⧁āϞāϤāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϧāĻžāϰ⧀, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āϏ⧇āύāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀āĨ¤


Q54. Write about the Bhakti Movement and its impact.
Answer:
The Bhakti Movement emphasized devotion to God and rejected caste discrimination. Saints like Kabir, Tulsidas, and Mirabai spread its message. It promoted social harmony and regional languages.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


Q55. Describe the features of Mughal architecture with examples.
Answer:
Mughal architecture blended Persian, Indian, and Islamic styles. Use of red sandstone and white marble, domes, minarets, and gardens were key features. Examples: Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikri.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽā§āϘāϞ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻļ⧈āϞ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŖ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϝāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϜāĻŽāĻšāϞ, āϞāĻžāϞ āϕ⧇āĻ˛ā§āϞāĻžāĨ¤


Q56. Assess the policies of Sher Shah Suri.
Answer:
Sher Shah reorganized the postal system, improved roads (Grand Trunk Road), introduced a standard coin system, and enforced efficient revenue collection. His administration influenced later Mughal rule.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ, āĻ“ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāύ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q57. Analyze the social and religious reform movements of the 19th century.
Answer:
Movements like Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj fought social evils like Sati and child marriage. Reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy and Dayananda Saraswati promoted rational thinking and women’s rights.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q58. Explain the causes of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:
The revolt stemmed from political annexations (Doctrine of Lapse), economic hardships, military grievances, and religious interference (greased cartridges).
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­-āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤


Q59. Discuss the role of Indian press in the freedom movement.
Answer:
Newspapers like Amrita Bazar Patrika, Kesari, and Bengalee exposed British atrocities, spread nationalist ideas, and united people. Journalists like Tilak and Surendranath Banerjee played vital roles.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q60. What were the causes and consequences of the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
Answer:
The British partitioned Bengal citing administrative reasons, but it aimed to divide Hindus and Muslims. Massive protests and Swadeshi Movement followed. It was annulled in 1911.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āφāϏāϞ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤

Q61. Discuss the main causes of the decline of the Maurya Empire.
āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: The decline was due to weak successors after Ashoka, over-centralization of power, large administration that was difficult to manage, and economic strain caused by military and welfare expenditure.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ•, āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āĻ…āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϜāύāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤


Q62. Evaluate the administrative system of the Gupta Empire.
āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: The Guptas had a decentralized system, with local autonomy in villages. They followed a feudal structure, and officials were paid through land grants.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤


Q63. Describe the cultural contributions of the Kushanas.
āϕ⧁āώāĻžāĻŖ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: They promoted Gandhara art, encouraged Sanskrit literature, and patronized Buddhism.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϕ⧁āώāĻžāĻŖāϰāĻž āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ, āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§‹āώāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q64. Explain the causes and consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat.
āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĻĒāĻĨ⧇āϰ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Causes include Maratha expansion and Afghan resistance. Consequences: heavy loss to Marathas, decline of their power, and instability in North India.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ āĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āφāĻĢāĻ—āĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ“ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q65. Assess the economic impact of British land revenue policies.
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Led to peasant exploitation, rural indebtedness, decline in agriculture and frequent famines.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ, āĻ‹āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž, āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāύāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāχ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋāĨ¤


Q66. Discuss the features of the Ryotwari system.
āϰāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Direct revenue settlement with peasants, no intermediaries, prevalent in Madras and Bombay Presidencies.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āφāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰāĻžāϜ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŽā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏāĻŋāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


Q67. Analyze the role of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in social reform.
āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: He fought against Sati, supported widow remarriage, founded Brahmo Samaj, and promoted Western education.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϏāϤ⧀āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇, āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϚāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q68. Write a note on the contribution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: He worked for widow remarriage, women’s education, simplified Bengali prose, and led educational reform.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻšāϜ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ—āĻĻā§āϝ āϰāϚāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύāĨ¤


Q69. Describe the impact of the 1857 revolt on British policy in India.
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϕ⧀ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻāϏ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?
Answer: End of Company rule, start of Crown rule, reorganization of army, and new policies to appease princes.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ, āϰāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁, āϏ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻžāϜāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁āĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q70. What were the main objectives of the Indian National Congress at the time of its formation?
āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?
Answer: To secure a greater share in government for Indians and present demands to British in a peaceful manner.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ“ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤


Q71. Explain the significance of the Partition of Bengal (1905).
⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: It led to the Swadeshi movement, boycott of British goods, rise of nationalism, and eventual annulment in 1911.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϜāύ, āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ“ ⧧⧝⧧⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻŋāϞ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q72. Discuss the role of the Home Rule League in India’s freedom struggle.
āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻšā§‹āĻŽ āϰ⧁āϞ āϞāĻŋāϗ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Started by Tilak and Annie Besant, it mobilized masses for self-government and revived political activity.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϤāĻŋāϞāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āϏāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϝāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžā§ŸāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q73. Examine the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose to the national movement.
āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Formed INA, Azad Hind Government, sought foreign support, and inspired youth with his militant patriotism.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āφāϜāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĢ⧌āϜ āĻ—āĻ āύ, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ“ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧁āĻŦ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāϕ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q74. Describe the Quit India Movement and its outcomes.
āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Launched in 1942, it was a mass movement with 'Do or Die' slogan, faced repression but showed resolve for independence.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŖāφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ, "āĻ•āϰ⧋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāϰ⧋" āĻļā§āϞ⧋āĻ—āĻžāύ āϏāĻš, āĻĻāĻŽāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


Q75. What were the main recommendations of the Cabinet Mission?
āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāύ⧇āϟ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Federal structure, groupings of provinces, interim government, and constituent assembly.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤


Q76. Explain the causes of the failure of the Cripps Mission.
āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāĻĒāϏ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Due to offer of Dominion status after war, no immediate transfer of power, and rejection by Congress and Muslim League.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻĄāĻŽāĻŋāύāĻŋ⧟āύ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž, āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžā§Ž āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻ“ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āϞ⧀āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤


Q77. Analyze the significance of the Simon Commission.
āϏāĻžāχāĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: It faced boycott as it had no Indian member, led to Nehru Report and demand for complete independence.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧟āĻ•āϟ āĻšā§Ÿ, āύ⧇āĻšāϰ⧁ āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ“ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āωāϠ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Q78. Describe the objectives and achievements of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Launched by Gandhi in 1920 to protest Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala massacre, it spread mass awakening.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϜāĻŋ ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āϰāĻžāωāϞāĻžāϟ āφāχāύ āĻ“ āϜāϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϞāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϝāĻž āĻ—āĻŖāϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q79. Evaluate the role of the Moderates in Indian freedom struggle.
āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϟāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Used constitutional methods, exposed British injustices, laid the foundation for later militant nationalism.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ, āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļā§‹āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻžāĻĢāĻžāρāϏ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āωāĻ—ā§āϰ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q80. Discuss the importance of the Dandi March.
āĻĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝāĻžāύ āϕ⧇āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer: Symbolized civil disobedience against unjust salt law, mass participation, and international attention.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž: āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ āĻ…āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ•, āĻ—āĻŖ-āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ“ āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q81. Explain the causes of the decline of the Mughal Empire.

Answer:
The Mughal Empire declined due to weak successors after Aurangzeb, administrative inefficiency, financial bankruptcy, internal revolts, rise of regional powers, and foreign invasions (like Nadir Shah, Ahmad Shah Abdali).
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ”āϰāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻœā§‡āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ•, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻž, āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧇āωāϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧀āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ (āύāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš, āφāĻšāĻŽāĻĻ āĻļāĻžāĻš āφāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ) āĻŽā§āϘāϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤


Q82. What was the significance of the Bhakti Movement?

Answer:
The Bhakti Movement emphasized devotion to God, rejected caste distinctions, and helped bridge Hindu-Muslim relations. It also promoted regional languages and literature.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āφāĻžā§āϚāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q83. Write a note on the contribution of Akbar to Indian administration.

Answer:
Akbar centralized administration, introduced Mansabdari system, efficient revenue system, and practiced religious tolerance through Sulh-i-Kul.
Bengali Meaning:
āφāĻ•āĻŦāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻŽāύāϏāĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦ⧟ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ (āϏ⧁āϞāĻš-āχ-āϕ⧁āϞ) āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q84. Describe the causes and effects of the Battle of Plassey (1757).

Answer:
The battle occurred due to the conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and British, betrayal by Mir Jafar, and misuse of trade privileges. It marked the start of British rule in India.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĒāϞāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϰ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŋāϰāĻžāϜ-āωāĻĻ-āĻĻ⧌āϞāĻž āĻ“ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻŦ, āĻŽā§€āϰ āϜāĻžāĻĢāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϘāĻžāϤāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāχ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q85. Discuss the administrative reforms of Lord Cornwallis.

Answer:
Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement (1793), reformed police and judicial systems, and restricted Indian participation in administration.
Bengali Meaning:
āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āύāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϞāĻŋāϏ āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻĒ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻļ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q86. Evaluate the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in social reform.

Answer:
Raja Rammohan Roy fought against Sati, child marriage, and casteism. He supported women's education and founded the Brahmo Samaj for monotheism.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāϤ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q87. Describe the causes of the Revolt of 1857.

Answer:
Main causes include political annexations, economic exploitation, cultural interference, and the immediate issue of the Enfield rifle cartridges.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ–āϞ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāύāĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āϰāĻžāχāĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϤ⧁āϜ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤


Q88. Assess the impact of the Revolt of 1857 on British rule in India.

Answer:
Though unsuccessful, it ended the East India Company's rule, led to the Queen’s Proclamation (1858), and brought changes in military and administration.
Bengali Meaning:
āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ āϘāϟāĻžā§Ÿ, āϰāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‹āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŖāĻž āφāύāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤


Q89. Explain the importance of the Vernacular Press Act (1878).

Answer:
The act curtailed freedom of Indian-language newspapers, showing British intolerance toward criticism. It created discontent among Indians.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻžāϕ⧁āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϟ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧋āώ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


Q90. Write about the Ilbert Bill controversy (1883).

Answer:
The bill sought to allow Indian judges to try European offenders. British protested, leading to partial withdrawal. It sparked nationalist feelings among Indians.
Bengali Meaning:
āχāϞāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āχāωāϰ⧋āĻĒā§€ā§ŸāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āϤāĻž āφāĻ‚āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϤ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϜāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q91. Who was Dadabhai Naoroji? Why is he called the ‘Grand Old Man of India’?

Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji was an early nationalist who exposed British economic drain theory and was the first Indian MP in British Parliament.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĻāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ­āĻžāχ āύāĻ“āϰ⧋āϜāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āύ⧇āϤāĻž āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻŽāĻĒāĻŋ āĻšāύāĨ¤


Q92. What were the objectives of the Indian National Congress at its founding in 1885?

Answer:
The Congress aimed at securing a share in administration, legal reforms, and raising voice against injustice through constitutional means.
Bengali Meaning:
ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϏ⧇āϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ, āφāχāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āφāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϜ āϤ⧋āϞāĻžāĨ¤


Q93. Discuss the partition of Bengal (1905) and its impact.

Answer:
Partitioned by Lord Curzon, it aimed to divide Hindus and Muslims. It led to Swadeshi movement and rise of mass nationalism.
Bengali Meaning:
āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ“ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤


Q94. What was the Swadeshi Movement?

Answer:
It was a movement to boycott British goods and promote Indian industries, started after the Bengal partition in 1905.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻ• āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āϝāĻž ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q95. Write about the Surat Split (1907) in Congress.

Answer:
The Congress split into Moderates and Extremists due to ideological differences at Surat in 1907.
Bengali Meaning:
⧧⧝ā§Ļā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āϏ⧁āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰ⧇āϏ āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϟ āĻ“ āĻāĻ•ā§āϏāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽāϤāĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q96. Explain the role of Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Indian politics.

Answer:
He was a moderate leader, mentor to Gandhi, and believed in reform through legislation and cooperation with British.
Bengali Meaning:
āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϟ āύ⧇āϤāĻž, āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāχāύāϏāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤


Q97. What was the impact of World War I on India?

Answer:
India contributed soldiers and money, faced inflation, but gained political awakening and increased demand for self-government.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϏ⧈āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q98. Describe the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919).

Answer:
The reforms introduced dyarchy in provinces and expanded legislative councils, but failed to satisfy Indian aspirations.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻāχ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ“ āφāχāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāώāĻĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻļāĻž āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q99. Discuss the significance of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Answer:
On April 13, 1919, General Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering. It shocked the nation and led to loss of faith in British justice.
Bengali Meaning:
⧧⧝⧧⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ ā§§ā§Š āĻāĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāϞ āĻœā§‡āύāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻĄāĻžā§ŸāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϚāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϧ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āφāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q100. What was the Khilafat Movement and how did it merge with the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Answer:
The Khilafat Movement protested against British injustice to Turkey. Gandhi united it with the Non-Cooperation Movement to strengthen Hindu-Muslim unity.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āϤ⧁āϰāĻ¸ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āĻāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻœā§‹āϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤

101. Discuss the administrative system of the Maurya Empire.
👉 āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: The Maurya Empire had a centralized administrative system. The emperor was the supreme authority. Chandragupta Maurya established a structured bureaucracy. Kautilya's Arthashastra outlines departments like revenue, espionage, army, and justice. Provinces were governed by governors and districts by officers.


102. Explain the features of Jainism and its contribution to Indian culture.
👉 āϜ⧈āύ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Jainism emphasized non-violence, truth, celibacy, and non-attachment. It rejected the Vedic rituals. It contributed to art, architecture (cave temples), and Indian philosophy. The principle of Ahimsa influenced Gandhi as well.


103. Evaluate the role of Ashoka in spreading Buddhism.
👉 āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Ashoka embraced Buddhism after the Kalinga War and became a patron. He sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, Central Asia, and South India. His inscriptions and edicts promoted Dhamma. He organized the Third Buddhist Council.


104. Discuss the causes and consequences of the First Battle of Panipat.
👉 āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĻĒāĻĨ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāĻžāĻŽ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: The battle was fought in 1526 between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi. Causes included Babur's ambition and Lodi's internal weaknesses. Resulted in the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India.


105. Analyze the impact of Bhakti Movement on Indian society.
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: The Bhakti Movement emphasized personal devotion over rituals and caste. Saints like Kabir, Tulsidas, and Mirabai preached equality and love. It promoted social harmony and challenged orthodoxy.


106. What were the achievements of Akbar as an administrator?
👉 āĻļāĻžāϏāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Akbar implemented revenue reforms (Todar Mal's system), promoted religious tolerance (Din-i-Ilahi), centralized administration, and developed a strong military. He patronized art and culture.


107. Describe the economic reforms of Alauddin Khilji.
👉 āφāϞāĻžāωāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻ–āĻŋāϞāϜāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: He fixed prices of essential commodities, regulated markets, and maintained detailed revenue records. Introduced a spy system to prevent corruption and black marketing.


108. What were the causes of the Revolt of 1857?
👉 ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Causes include political annexations (Doctrine of Lapse), economic exploitation, military grievances, and the greased cartridge issue. It was the first large-scale uprising against British rule.


109. Explain the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in the socio-religious reform movement.
👉 āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ-āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Rammohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj, fought against Sati and child marriage, and promoted women’s education. He is considered the Father of Indian Renaissance.


110. Discuss the factors responsible for the rise of nationalism in India.
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Factors include British exploitation, Western education, print media, socio-religious reforms, and political unity. Events like the 1857 Revolt and formation of the Indian National Congress also contributed.


111. Describe the contribution of Subhas Chandra Bose to the Indian freedom struggle.
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Bose formed the INA and sought international support against British rule. He was a radical nationalist who believed in armed struggle. His famous slogan was "Give me blood, I will give you freedom".


112. Evaluate the role of Gandhi in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
👉 āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Gandhi led the movement peacefully in 1920. He urged Indians to boycott British institutions and goods. It was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.


113. What was the outcome of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
👉 āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻ“āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?
Answer: It mobilized masses, led to mass arrests, and internationalized India’s struggle. Although it failed to achieve full independence, it increased nationalist fervor.


114. Describe the causes and significance of the Quit India Movement.
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§‹ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϤāĻžā§ŽāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Launched in 1942 due to Cripps Mission failure and wartime exploitation. It was a mass movement demanding immediate independence. Though suppressed, it marked the final phase of the struggle.


115. Explain the features of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
👉 āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāύ⧇āϟ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Proposed a united India with a federal structure. Recommended a Constituent Assembly. It was rejected by the Muslim League, leading to Partition.


116. Discuss the impact of British land revenue systems in India.
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Introduced systems like Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari. These caused peasant exploitation, rural poverty, and landlessness.


117. Evaluate the contribution of Rabindranath Tagore to Indian society.
👉 āϰāĻŦā§€āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ āĻ āĻžāϕ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Tagore was a poet, philosopher, and reformer. He promoted education, rural upliftment, and cultural revival. He founded Visva Bharati and opposed nationalism based on hatred.


118. What was the role of women in the Indian freedom movement?
👉 āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϕ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ?
Answer: Women like Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Kasturba Gandhi participated in protests, picketing, and political leadership. Their involvement broke gender stereotypes.


119. Discuss the significance of the Indian Councils Act of 1909.
👉 ⧧⧝ā§Ļ⧝ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāύ āĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϏāĻŋāϞāϏ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϤāĻžā§ŽāĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Also known as Morley-Minto Reforms, it introduced separate electorates for Muslims and expanded legislative councils. It sowed seeds of communalism.


120. Describe the role of press and literature in the nationalist movement.
👉 āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Newspapers like Kesari, Amrita Bazar Patrika, and writings of Bankim Chandra and Tilak spread patriotic ideas, exposed British exploitation, and united Indians.

121. Describe the main features of the Mauryan administration.
Answer:
The Mauryan administration was highly centralized and hierarchical. The king was the supreme authority. The empire was divided into provinces, each ruled by a Kumara (royal prince). A strong bureaucracy, including officers like Amatyas and Rajukas, maintained law and order, revenue, and justice.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϏ⧀āύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϰāĻžāϜāĻĒ⧁āĻ¤ā§āϰāĨ¤ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜ⧁āĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āφāχāύ-āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž, āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻļā§‹āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤


122. What was the impact of Alexander’s invasion on India?
Answer:
Alexander’s invasion exposed Indian kingdoms to the West, introduced new trade routes, and led to political unification under the Mauryas. It also weakened the existing powers like the Nandas.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āφāϞ⧇āĻ•āϜāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝāĻĒāĻĨ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤ āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āϰāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻ‚āĻļ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤


123. Evaluate Ashoka’s Dhamma.
Answer:
Ashoka’s Dhamma was a moral code promoting tolerance, non-violence, respect for elders, and welfare of people. It aimed to unify the diverse empire under ethical principles.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āϝāĻž āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁āϤāĻž, āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāĻž, āĻŦā§Ÿā§‹āĻœā§āϝ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ“ āϜāύāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


124. Discuss the causes of the decline of the Mauryan Empire.
Answer:
The decline was due to weak successors, administrative overreach, economic decline, and invasion by the Shungas. Ashoka’s pacifist policies may have also contributed.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤāϤāĻž, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻļ⧁āĻ™ā§āĻ— āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ°ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻļā§‹āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤


125. Explain the achievements of the Gupta period in science and art.
Answer:
The Gupta era is called the ‘Golden Age’ of India. Aryabhata advanced astronomy; Kalidasa enriched literature; Ajanta caves show artistic brilliance.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āϝ⧁āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ 'āϏ⧋āύāĻžāϞ⧀ āϝ⧁āĻ—' āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āφāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ­āĻŸā§āϟ āĻœā§āϝ⧋āϤāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϏ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻ…āϜāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āϗ⧁āĻšāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


126. What was the condition of women during the Vedic period?
Answer:
In early Vedic society, women had high status, access to education, and could participate in rituals. In later Vedic period, their status declined.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āϝ⧁āϗ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻšā§āϚ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āφāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


127. What were the causes and effects of the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Causes: Betrayal by Mir Jafar, British diplomacy.
Effects: British control in Bengal, start of colonial rule.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻŽā§€āϰāϜāĻžāĻĢāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϘāĻžāϤāĻ•āϤāĻž, āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϕ⧂āϟāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ: āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāϧāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻžāĨ¤


128. Analyze the reforms of Lord William Bentinck.
Answer:
He abolished Sati, suppressed Thuggee, promoted English education, and reformed judiciary and revenue.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϤ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧋āĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻ āĻ—āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāύ⧇āύāĨ¤


129. Discuss the nature and impact of the 1857 Revolt.
Answer:
It was a sepoy mutiny with broader discontent. Though it failed, it led to the end of Company rule and beginning of Crown rule.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧋āώ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ āϘāϟāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


130. What were the social reform movements of the 19th century?
Answer:
Movements by Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and others focused on widow remarriage, women’s education, and abolition of caste and Sati.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžā§Ÿ, āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ āĻ“ āϏāϤ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧋āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤


131. Describe the administration of Sher Shah.
Answer:
Sher Shah introduced efficient land revenue reforms, a strong spy system, standardized coins, and a grand road network (GT Road).
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāĻš āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϗ⧁āĻĒā§āϤāϚāϰāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏ⧜āĻ• āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


132. What was the role of the Arya Samaj in Indian society?
Answer:
It promoted Vedic values, opposed casteism and idolatry, and worked for women’s education and social reforms.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āφāĻ°ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻŦ⧈āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ, āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϭ⧇āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āϜāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇, āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤


133. Assess the importance of the Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
It was Lord Wellesley’s policy to control Indian states by forcing them to keep British troops and give up foreign policy.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ“ā§Ÿā§‡āϞ⧇āϏāϞāĻŋāϰ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§€ā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āϏ⧈āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϤ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϤ⧋āĨ¤


134. What were the objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer:
Launched by Gandhi in 1920, it aimed to resist British rule through boycotts of schools, courts, foreign goods, and nonviolent protest.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻāχ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āχāĻ‚āϰ⧇āϜ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟, āφāĻĻāĻžāϞāϤ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤


135. What was the impact of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
It awakened mass consciousness, broke salt laws, and challenged British legitimacy. Though suppressed, it strengthened nationalism.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻāϟāĻŋ āϜāύāĻ—āĻŖāϕ⧇ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇, āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āφāχāύ āĻ­āĻžāϙ⧇, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āϧāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻŽāϜāĻŦ⧁āϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


136. Explain the causes of the Partition of Bengal in 1905.
Answer:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal citing administrative convenience. The real reason was to divide Hindus and Muslims.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āφāϏāϞ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤


137. What was the significance of the Quit India Movement?
Answer:
It was the final mass uprising against British rule in 1942. It spread nationwide and demanded immediate independence.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: ⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ āĻŦ⧃āĻšā§Ž āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻœā§ā§œā§‡ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡ āĻ“ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžā§Ž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤


138. Analyze the impact of the arrival of Europeans in India.
Answer:
The Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British brought trade, conflict, and colonization. British finally emerged dominant.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϤ⧁āĻ—āĻŋāϜ, āĻĄāĻžāϚ, āĻĢāϰāĻžāϏāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝ, āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻ°ā§āώ āĻ“ āωāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāϰāĻž āφāϧāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


139. Describe the achievements of Akbar.
Answer:
He established a centralized administration, introduced religious tolerance (Din-i-Ilahi), reformed revenue, and encouraged arts.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻšāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ (āĻĻā§€āύ-āχ-āχāϞāĻžāĻšā§€), āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻš āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤


140. What was the importance of the Cabinet Mission Plan?
Answer:
It aimed to form a united India with a federal structure. It failed to prevent partition but paved the way for Constituent Assembly.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāϕ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĢ⧇āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϞ āĻ—āĻ āύ āφāύāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

✅ Q141. Discuss the nature and significance of the 1857 Revolt.

👉 Answer:
The 1857 Revolt was the first major expression of resistance against British rule in India. It was a combination of political, military, economic, and social causes. Though it failed due to lack of coordination and planning, it had great historical significance. It ended the rule of the East India Company and brought India directly under the British Crown.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦ⧃āĻšā§Ž āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļāĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ•, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻšā§€āύāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āĻāϰ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏ⧀āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āχāĻ¸ā§āϟ āχāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻŽā§āϕ⧁āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤


✅ Q142. Evaluate the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in Indian reform movements.

👉 Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered the father of modern Indian reform movements. He opposed social evils like Sati and child marriage and advocated for women's rights and education. He founded the Brahmo Samaj and promoted rationalism, monotheism, and freedom of thought.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϰāĻžāϜāĻž āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŽā§‹āĻšāύ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϜāύāĻ• āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϏāϤ⧀āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻ“ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻāϕ⧇āĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻš āĻĻ⧇āύāĨ¤


✅ Q143. Describe the economic impact of British colonial rule on Indian agriculture.

👉 Answer:
British rule led to commercialization of agriculture in India. Farmers were forced to grow cash crops like indigo and cotton instead of food crops. High revenue demands, zamindari system, and exploitative policies led to frequent famines and rural poverty.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝāĻŋāϕ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝāĻļāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇ āύ⧀āϞ āĻ“ āϤ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āύāĻ—āĻĻ āĻĢāϏāϞ āϚāĻžāώ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āωāĻšā§āϚ āϰāĻžāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋ, āϜāĻŽāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ“ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


✅ Q144. Explain the causes of the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement.

👉 Answer:
The failure of moderate leaders to achieve significant reforms, the partition of Bengal in 1905, and the repressive British policies caused dissatisfaction. Young leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai led the extremist phase emphasizing self-rule and mass agitation.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇āϟ āύ⧇āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤ⧇āĻŽāύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ, ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āĻĻāĻŽāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧋āώ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤāĻŋāϞāĻ•, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāύ āϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϞ āĻ“ āϞāĻžāϞāĻž āϞāĻžāϜāĻĒāϤ āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϤāϰ⧁āĻŖ āύ⧇āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϚāϰāĻŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāϜ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


✅ Q145. What was the Khilafat Movement? What was Gandhi’s role in it?

👉 Answer:
The Khilafat Movement (1919–24) was started by Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliphate. Gandhi supported it and merged it with the Non-Cooperation Movement to unite Hindus and Muslims against the British. It helped in mass mobilization but ended after Turkey abolished the Caliphate.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ (ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§¯â€“ā§¨ā§Ē) āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āϝāĻž āωāϏāĻŽāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ— āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŋāĻŽ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāϤ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āϜāύāϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ–āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻĢāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧁āĻĒā§āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


✅ Q146. Analyze the importance of the Dandi March in the Indian freedom struggle.

👉 Answer:
The Dandi March (1930), led by Gandhi, was a direct action against the salt tax imposed by the British. It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was non-violent yet defiant and attracted worldwide attention to India’s struggle for independence.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ļ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝāĻžāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ—āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀āϜāĻŋāϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāϞ āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻ“āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟ-āĻāϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


✅ Q147. What role did the Indian National Army (INA) play in the freedom struggle?

👉 Answer:
The INA, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, aimed to liberate India with help from Axis powers during World War II. Though militarily unsuccessful, the INA inspired nationalistic feelings and the subsequent trials of its soldiers stirred mass protests across India.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āύ⧇āϤāĻžāϜāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāϏ⧁āϰ āύ⧇āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āφāϜāĻžāĻĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĢ⧌āϜ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āϚāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϕ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āϜāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


✅ Q148. Discuss the contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in national integration.

👉 Answer:
Sardar Patel played a vital role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union after independence. He used diplomacy and firmness to bring over 560 princely states under India’s fold, ensuring territorial unity and political stability.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§Ģā§Ŧā§Ļ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āχāωāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āύ⧇āύ āϏāϰāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§‡āϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϕ⧂āϟāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ–āĻŖā§āĻĄāĻ—āϤ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤


✅ Q149. What were the major causes of the Partition of Bengal in 1905?

👉 Answer:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal citing administrative convenience, but the real aim was to divide Hindus and Muslims. It sparked massive protests, Swadeshi movement, and national awakening, leading to the annulment of the partition in 1911.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϞāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϜ⧁āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇ ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁-āĻŽā§āϏāϞāĻŽāĻžāύāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āώ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ ⧧⧝⧧⧧ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


✅ Q150. Explain the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 and its importance.

👉 Answer:
The Cabinet Mission Plan aimed to preserve Indian unity and transfer power. It proposed a three-tier structure, a Constituent Assembly, and groupings of provinces. Though initially accepted, differences led to partition. It paved the way for India's independence and constitution.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāύ⧇āϟ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻšāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ, āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϏāĻ­āĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšā§€āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŽāϤāĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ Partition-āĻāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

General Science 

Q1. What is photosynthesis? Explain its process.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āϏāĻŋāύāĻĨ⧇āϏāĻŋāϏ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make their food in the form of glucose. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and initiates a chemical reaction.

Q2. What is the structure and function of the human heart?
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
The human heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. It functions as a double pump system for pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Q3. Explain Newton’s three laws of motion.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:

Q4. Describe the composition and function of blood.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Blood contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removes waste products.

Q5. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer:
Diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another are called communicable diseases. Example: Tuberculosis, Influenza, COVID-19.

Q6. Explain the water cycle.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āϜāϞāϚāĻ•ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
The water cycle includes evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. Water evaporates, forms clouds, falls as rain, and collects in rivers or oceans.

Q7. What is digestion? Explain the process of digestion in humans.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻšāϜāĻŽ āϕ⧀? āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻšāϜāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler substances. It starts in the mouth, continues in the stomach and intestines, and ends in absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

Q8. What are renewable and non-renewable resources?
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ…-āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
Renewable resources are naturally replenished (e.g., solar energy, wind), while non-renewable resources are limited (e.g., coal, petroleum).

Q9. Define acid, base, and salt with examples.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ, āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϞāĻŦāϪ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āĻĻāĻžāĻ“ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer:
Acid: Sour, pH < 7 (e.g., HCl), Base: Bitter, pH > 7 (e.g., NaOH), Salt: Formed by neutralization of acid and base (e.g., NaCl).

Q10. Explain the process of respiration in humans.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Respiration is the process of breaking down glucose using oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in mitochondria.


📘 Q11–20

Q11. What is an ecosystem? Describe its components.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
An ecosystem is a community of living and non-living things that interact with each other. It includes biotic (plants, animals) and abiotic (air, water, soil) components.

Q12. What is the role of DNA in inheritance?
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻ‚āĻļāĻ—āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ DNA-āĻāϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϕ⧀?
Answer:
DNA carries genetic information and is responsible for passing traits from parents to offspring. It controls cellular functions and heredity.

Q13. Explain the causes and effects of air pollution.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻĻā§‚āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Causes: vehicle emissions, factories, burning of fossil fuels. Effects: respiratory diseases, acid rain, global warming.

Q14. What are the main parts of a plant and their functions?
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻ—āĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
Roots absorb water, stems transport nutrients, leaves perform photosynthesis, flowers help in reproduction.

Q15. Describe the solar system.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āϏ⧌āϰāϜāĻ—ā§Ž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
The solar system includes the sun, eight planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The sun is at the center and provides heat and light.

Q16. What are simple machines? Give examples.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āϏāϰāϞ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer:
Simple machines are tools that make work easier. Examples: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, screw, inclined plane.

Q17. What is electricity? Explain Ohm’s law.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āϕ⧀? āĻ“āĻšāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Electricity is the flow of electric charge. Ohm’s law states that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

Q18. Explain the structure of an atom.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧁āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
An atom consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons revolving around it in orbits.

Q19. What is vaccination? Why is it important?
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?
Answer:
Vaccination is the process of giving a vaccine to build immunity against a disease. It prevents the spread of infectious diseases.

Q20. Explain the three states of matter with examples.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž: āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer:
Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (oxygen). Solids have fixed shape, liquids have fixed volume, gases have neither.

Q21. Explain the working principle of a pressure cooker.
👉 āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏāĻžāϰ āϕ⧁āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
A pressure cooker works by creating steam pressure inside a sealed pot. As the water inside boils, it produces steam that increases the pressure. This elevated pressure raises the boiling point of water, allowing food to cook faster.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏāĻžāϰ āϕ⧁āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒāϚāĻžāĻĒ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϭ⧇āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāϞ āĻĢ⧁āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĢ⧁āϟāύāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ• āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q22. What are the differences between reflection and refraction of light?
👉 āφāϞ⧋āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āϞāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer:
Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it hits a surface, while refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻšāϞ⧋ āφāϞ⧋āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āϠ⧇ āφāϘāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻž, āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāϞ⧋āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤


Q23. What is blood pressure? How is it measured?
👉 āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāϚāĻžāĻĒ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ?

Answer:
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and recorded in mm Hg as systolic/diastolic pressure.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϧāĻŽāύ⧀ āĻŦāĻž āĻļāĻŋāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ—āĻŽā§‹āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύ⧋āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ•/āĻĄāĻžā§ŸāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ• āφāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q24. Explain the greenhouse effect.
👉 āĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
The greenhouse effect is the process by which greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to an increase in temperature. It is essential for maintaining life but excessive greenhouse effect causes global warming.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒ āφāϟāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇, āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ—ā§āϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϞ āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ‚ āϘāϟāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q25. What are the uses of microorganisms in industry?
👉 āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ…āϪ⧁āĻœā§€āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
Microorganisms are used in industries for fermentation (e.g., alcohol, vinegar), dairy products (curd, cheese), antibiotics, and cleaning oil spills.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ…āϪ⧁āĻœā§€āĻŦāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻĢāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻļāύ⧇āϰ (āĻŽāĻĻ, āĻ­āĻŋāύ⧇āĻ—āĻžāϰ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ), āĻĻ⧁āĻ—ā§āϧāϜāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦā§āϝ (āĻĻāχ, āϚāĻŋāϜ), āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§‹āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤ⧇āϞ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āĨ¤


Q26. How does vaccination work?
👉 āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?

Answer:
Vaccination introduces a weakened or dead pathogen into the body to stimulate the immune system. This helps the body recognize and fight future infections by the same pathogen.
Bengali Meaning:
āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§ƒāϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āĻ“āχ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁āϰ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q27. Describe the structure and function of the human heart.
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
The human heart has four chambers – two atria and two ventricles. It pumps oxygenated blood to the body and receives deoxygenated blood for purification in the lungs.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϕ⧋āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ – āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϞāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϞāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāĻšā§€āύ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤


Q28. What is the role of ozone layer in the atmosphere?
👉 āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧇ āĻ“āĻœā§‹āύ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϕ⧀?

Answer:
The ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, protecting living organisms from UV-induced damage like skin cancer and eye problems.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ“āĻœā§‹āύ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧁āύāĻŋ āϰāĻļā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāϜāĻ—āϤ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāύāϏāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q29. Explain the principle of a rocket.
👉 āϰāϕ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
A rocket works on Newton’s third law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The ejection of gas downward pushes the rocket upward.
Bengali Meaning:
āϰāϕ⧇āϟ āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ—āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϰāϕ⧇āϟ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āωāϠ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q30. What is cloning? Mention its advantages and disadvantages.
👉 āĻ•ā§āϞ⧋āύāĻŋāĻ‚ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer:
Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism.
Advantages: Can help in organ generation, extinct species revival.
Disadvantages: Ethical issues, reduced genetic diversity.
Bengali Meaning:
āĻ•ā§āϞ⧋āύāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻœā§€āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻšā§āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž: āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧁āĻĒā§āϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĨ¤
āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž: āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž, āϜāĻŋāύāĻ—āϤ āĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϘāĻžāϟāϤāĻŋāĨ¤


Q31. What is the structure and function of the human heart?

👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
The human heart is a muscular organ made up of four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower). It pumps blood throughout the body. Oxygenated blood from the lungs is pumped to the body via the left side, and deoxygenated blood from the body is sent to the lungs via the right side.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ—, āϝāĻžāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ – āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ (āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ (āϭ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϞ)āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϏāĻž āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϏāĻž āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāĻļā§‚āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q32. Explain the role of the respiratory system in humans.

👉 āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
The respiratory system helps in the exchange of gases. It takes in oxygen from the air and removes carbon dioxide from the body. The main organs involved are the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻāĻžāύ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ, āĻŸā§āϰāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĢā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q33. What is the function of white blood cells (WBCs)?

👉 āĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
White blood cells protect the body against infections by destroying harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. They are an essential part of the immune system.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻž (WBC) āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻ­āĻžāχāϰāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻĨā§‹āĻœā§‡āύ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤


Q34. Define photosynthesis. What is its importance?

👉 āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. It produces oxygen and glucose. It is essential as it forms the basis of the food chain and provides oxygen.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϞ⧁āϕ⧋āϜ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤


Q35. What are the causes and effects of deforestation?

👉 āĻŦāύāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āωāϜāĻžā§œā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
Deforestation is caused by urbanization, agriculture, and logging. It leads to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, and disruption of the water cycle.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻļāĻšāϰāĻžā§Ÿāύ, āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ  āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻŦāύāĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋ āωāϜāĻžā§œ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϜāϞāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q36. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?

👉 āύāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ…-āύāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
Renewable energy sources can be replenished naturally (like solar, wind), while non-renewable sources (like coal, petroleum) are limited and will run out.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āύāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āϏ⧌āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ), āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ…-āύāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻ•āϝāĻŧāϞāĻž, āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻŽ) āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĢ⧁āϰāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


Q37. Explain the basic structure of an atom.

👉 āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧁āϰ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons revolving around the nucleus in shells.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧁āϤ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āϟāύ āĻ“ āύāĻŋāωāĻŸā§āϰāύ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āχāϞ⧇āĻ•āĻŸā§āϰāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q38. What is an ecosystem?

👉 āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment (air, water, soil) in a balanced system.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻœā§€āĻŦ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ (āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁, āϜāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ) āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤


Q39. What are communicable diseases? Give two examples.

👉 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤

Answer:
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another through contact or air. Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ– āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§œā§‡āĨ¤ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž, āχāύāĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ā§Ÿā§‡āĻžā§āϜāĻžāĨ¤


Q40. Describe the structure and function of the digestive system.

👉 āĻĒāĻžāϚāύāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
The digestive system includes organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. It helps break down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use for energy and growth.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻĒāĻžāϚāύāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ–, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āύāύāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ⧀, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϝāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāϝāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Q41. What is the greenhouse effect?
👉 āĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϕ⧀?

✅ Answer:
The greenhouse effect is the process by which heat is trapped in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, leading to a rise in the planet’s temperature.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ—ā§āϰ⧀āύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāϞ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĒ āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇, āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q42. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
👉 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤

✅ Answer:
Communicable diseases are those that can spread from one person to another through contact, air, water, or vectors. Examples include tuberculosis, influenza, and cholera.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āϰ⧋āĻ— āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ, āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āϜāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻšāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž, āχāύāĻĢā§āϞ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻžā§āϜāĻž, āĻ•āϞ⧇āϰāĻžāĨ¤


Q43. Explain Newton’s third law of motion with an example.
👉 āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤

✅ Answer:
Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. For example, when you jump off a boat, the boat moves in the opposite direction.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āϕ⧇āω āύ⧌āĻ•āĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻĢ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āύ⧌āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q44. What are the differences between physical and chemical changes?
👉 āϭ⧌āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āϕ⧀?

✅ Answer:
Physical changes do not change the composition of the substance (e.g., melting of ice), while chemical changes produce new substances (e.g., rusting of iron).

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϭ⧌āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻŦāϰāĻĢ āĻ—āϞāĻž), āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āϞ⧋āĻšāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ‚ āϧāϰāĻž)āĨ¤


Q45. What is photosynthesis?
👉 āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĨ⧇āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āϕ⧀?

✅ Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āϜāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤


Q46. What is the function of the human heart?
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀?

✅ Answer:
The human heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āϜ⧁āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻžā§āϚāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āϟāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ…āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q47. Explain the process of digestion in humans.
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤

✅ Answer:
Digestion in humans starts in the mouth and continues through the stomach and intestines. Enzymes break down food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϚāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ– āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāύāϜāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏāĻšāϜ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļā§‹āώāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q48. What are antibiotics? How do they work?
👉 āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§‹āϟāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧀? āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?

✅ Answer:
Antibiotics are drugs that kill or stop the growth of bacteria. They work by targeting bacterial cell walls or other essential functions of bacteria.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§‹āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ“āώ⧁āϧ āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āώāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q49. What is the role of red blood cells (RBCs) in our body?
👉 āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇ āϞāĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ (RBCs) āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϕ⧀?

✅ Answer:
RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
RBC āĻŦāĻž āϞāĻžāϞ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇āϰ āϟāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϟāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāσāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāĨ¤


Q50. What are the sources and effects of air pollution?
👉 āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻĻā§‚āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀?

✅ Answer:
Sources include vehicle emissions, factories, burning fossil fuels, etc. Effects include respiratory problems, global warming, and environmental damage.

🔹 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻĻā§‚āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϝāĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύ⧇āϰ āϧ⧋āρāϝāĻŧāĻž, āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ–āĻžāύāĻž, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĻāĻšāύ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϰ⧋āĻ—, āĻ—ā§āϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϞ āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĨ¤

Q51. What is osmosis? Explain with an example.
👉 āĻ“āϏāĻŽā§‹āϏāĻŋāϏ āϕ⧀? āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Example: When raisins are placed in water, they swell due to the movement of water into them by osmosis.
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āĻ“āϏāĻŽā§‹āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϧ-āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ—āĻŽā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ āϘāύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚ āϘāύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāϪ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•āĻŋāϏāĻŽāĻŋāϏ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāϜāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϞ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁ āĻ“āϏāĻŽā§‹āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŋāϏāĻŽāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϤāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q52. Describe the structure and function of the human heart.
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
The human heart has four chambers – two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body: oxygenated blood from lungs to body, and deoxygenated blood from body to lungs.
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϕ⧋āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ – āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϞāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ (atria) āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϞāϝāĻŧ (ventricles)āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§€āύ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q53. What are communicable diseases? Name two examples.
👉 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer:
Diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable diseases.
Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āϝ⧇āϏāĻŦ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ—āĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž, āχāύāĻĢā§āϞ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻžā§āϜāĻž


Q54. Explain Newton’s First Law of Motion with an example.
👉 āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Example: A book lying on a table will not move unless someone pushes it.
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āϤāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧋āϜāĻž āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦ⧇āϗ⧇ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻŸā§‡āĻŦāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āϝāϤāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āύāĻž āϕ⧇āω āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϠ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q55. What is a balanced diet? Why is it important?
👉 āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?
Answer:
A balanced diet contains all essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water) in the right amounts. It is important for growth, immunity, and overall health.
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤


Q56. What is the function of chlorophyll in plants?
👉 āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞ⧋āϰ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
Chlorophyll helps in photosynthesis by capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy.
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āĻ•ā§āϞ⧋āϰ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ• āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĨ⧇āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q57. Define ecosystem. Name its major components.
👉 āχāϕ⧋āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.
Major components: Biotic (plants, animals) and Abiotic (sunlight, water, soil).
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āχāϕ⧋āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻœā§€āĻŦ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž-āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ: āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ (āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€), āĻ…āĻœā§€āĻŦ (āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ)


Q58. What is vaccination? How does it work?
👉 āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?
Answer:
Vaccination is the process of injecting a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to fight future infections.
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āϰ⧋āĻ—āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āχāĻŽāĻŋāωāύ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤


Q59. What are renewable and non-renewable sources of energy? Give one example of each.
👉 āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ…āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āϕ⧀? āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer:
Renewable energy sources can be replenished (e.g., solar energy).
Non-renewable sources are limited and cannot be quickly replenished (e.g., coal).
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ – āϏ⧌āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ)āĨ¤
āĻ…āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ – āĻ•āϝāĻŧāϞāĻž)āĨ¤


Q60. How are artificial satellites useful?
👉 āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āωāĻĒāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀?
Answer:
Artificial satellites are used for communication, weather forecasting, GPS, and scientific research.
🔹 Bengali Meaning:
āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āωāĻĒāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ—, āφāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāϏ, āϜāĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Q71. What is the structure and function of the human digestive system?
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšāϜāĻŽāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
The human digestive system is a complex system that breaks down food into nutrients. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and anus. Each part plays a role in digestion, absorption, and excretion.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšāϜāĻŽāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ–, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āύāύāĻžāϞāĻŋ, āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϞ⧀, āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ, āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϝāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ, āĻ…āĻ—ā§āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āφāϛ⧇ āĻšāϜāĻŽ, āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q72. What are communicable diseases? Give examples and methods of prevention.
👉 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞāĻŋāĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer:
Communicable diseases are those that can spread from person to person through contact, air, water, or insects. Examples include tuberculosis, influenza, and malaria. Prevention includes vaccination, sanitation, and avoiding contact with infected persons.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏ⧇āχāϏāĻŦ āϰ⧋āĻ— āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϜāύ⧇ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϝāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž, āχāύāĻĢā§āϞ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻžā§āϜāĻž, āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤


Q73. Describe the composition and importance of blood in the human body.
👉 āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste. It also fights infection and helps in clotting.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϞ⧋āĻšāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āϟāϞ⧇āϟ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāϜāĻŽāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ, āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻšāϰāĻŽā§‹āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāϜāĻŽāĻžāϟ āĻŦāĻžāρāϧāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q74. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
👉 āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
In a series circuit, all components are connected one after another, so the same current flows. In a parallel circuit, components are connected across common points, allowing multiple paths for current.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧀āϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻž āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧀āϤ⧇ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


Q75. Define renewable and non-renewable sources of energy with examples.
👉 āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āύāĻŦā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ…-āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āύāĻŦā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Renewable sources are natural sources that replenish, like solar, wind, and hydro power. Non-renewable sources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which take millions of years to form.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āύāĻŦā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϏ⧌āϰ, āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻ“ āϜāϞāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§ŽāĨ¤ āĻ…-āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āύāĻŦā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ•āϝāĻŧāϞāĻž, āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϞāĻ•ā§āώ āϞāĻ•ā§āώ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤


Q76. How does vaccination work?
👉 āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?
Answer:
Vaccination introduces a weakened or dead pathogen to the body, training the immune system to recognize and fight it in the future, thus providing immunity.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§ƒāϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡āϰ āϰ⧋āĻ—āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁āϕ⧇ āϚāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤


Q77. Explain the causes and effects of acid rain.
👉 āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released from burning fossil fuels. It damages crops, buildings, aquatic life, and soils.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ—āϤ āϏāĻžāϞāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻĄāĻžāχāĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĢāϏāϞ, āĻ­āĻŦāύ, āϜāϞāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q78. Describe the structure and function of the human brain.
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
The human brain has three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It controls thinking, memory, movement, coordination, and involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āϕ⧇āϰ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāϞ⧋: āϏ⧇āϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ, āϏ⧇āϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϰ⧇āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋ, āϚāϞāĻžāĻĢ⧇āϰāĻž, āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύ, āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q79. What is biotechnology? Mention some of its applications.
👉 āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§‹-āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer:
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or systems to develop useful products. Applications include genetic engineering, vaccine production, and biofertilizers.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧā§‹-āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻœā§€āĻŦ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ⧇ āωāĻĒāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§€ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇ āĻœā§‡āύ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ• āχāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ‚, āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϏāĻŋāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āĻŦāϏāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤


Q80. Write about the importance of water conservation.
👉 āϜāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer:
Water conservation is essential for sustainable development. It ensures availability for future generations, maintains the water cycle, and protects ecosystems.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āϜāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϜāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϜāϞāϚāĻ•ā§āϰ āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Q81. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
👉 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer: Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another through various means such as air, water, food, insects, or direct contact.
Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza, Cholera, Hepatitis B.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āϰ⧋āĻ— āϝāĻž āĻāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āϜāϞ, āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ, āĻĒā§‹āĻ•āĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ›ā§œāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž, āχāύāĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ā§Ÿā§‡āĻžā§āϜāĻž, āĻ•āϞ⧇āϰāĻž, āĻšā§‡āĻĒāĻžāϟāĻžāχāϟāĻŋāϏ āĻŦāĻŋāĨ¤


Q82. What is vaccination? Why is it important?
👉 āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?
Answer: Vaccination is the process of introducing a vaccine into the body to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against specific diseases. It helps prevent diseases like polio, measles, and tetanus.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻĄāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϏāĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“, āĻšāĻžāĻŽ, āϧāύ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻ™ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q83. Explain the process of photosynthesis.
👉 āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food (glucose) and release oxygen.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āϜāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ (āĻ—ā§āϞ⧁āϕ⧋āϜ) āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻ›āĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤


Q84. What is the structure and function of the human heart?
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: The human heart is a muscular organ with four chambers – two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients and removing waste.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻ⧟ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ— āϝāĻžāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϕ⧋āĻˇā§āĻ  āφāϛ⧇ – āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϭ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻžā§āϚāĻžāϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āϝ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤


Q85. Define ecosystem. Name its components.
👉 āχāϕ⧋āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀?
Answer: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment.
Components: Biotic (plants, animals, microbes), Abiotic (water, soil, air, temperature).
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āχāϕ⧋āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϜ⧜ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤
āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ: āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāϤ (āĻ—āĻžāĻ›, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€, āĻ…āϪ⧁āĻœā§€āĻŦ), āϜ⧜ (āϜāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āϤāĻžāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž)āĨ¤


Q86. What are the main types of pollution? Describe any two.
👉 āĻĻā§‚āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϧāϰāĻŖ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀? āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύāĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: The main types are: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and noise pollution.
Example:


Q87. What are renewable and non-renewable resources? Give examples.
👉 āύāĻŦā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ…āύāĻŦā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer:


Q88. Write the importance of water conservation.
👉 āϜāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer: Water conservation ensures the availability of clean water for future generations, supports agriculture, maintains ecological balance, and prevents drought.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āϜāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚ⧟āϤāĻž āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ, āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ–āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q89. How does the nervous system work in the human body?
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āύāĻžā§Ÿā§āϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?
Answer: The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It receives signals from the body, processes them in the brain, and sends responses to different parts.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻ¸ā§āύāĻžā§Ÿā§āϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•, āĻŽā§‡āϰ⧁āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āύāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧇āϤ āĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻžā§ŸāĨ¤


Q90. Explain the causes and prevention of deforestation.
👉 āĻŦāύ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer:
Causes – Urbanization, agriculture, logging.
Prevention – Afforestation, strict laws, awareness.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ – āύāĻ—āϰāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ, āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϜ, āĻ•āĻžāĻ  āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ – āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āφāχāύ, āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĨ¤


Q91. What is blood pressure? What are its normal levels?
👉 āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāϚāĻžāĻĒ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āϕ⧀?
Answer: Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls. Normal level is around 120/80 mmHg.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāϚāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϧāĻŽāύ⧀ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻžāϞ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ ⧧⧍ā§Ļ/ā§Žā§Ļ mmHgāĨ¤


Q92. What is balanced diet? Why is it essential?
👉 āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āφāĻšāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āύ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ?
Answer: A balanced diet includes all necessary nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in right proportions. It helps in proper growth, immunity, and energy.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āφāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ• āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϝāĻž āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤


Q93. How do vaccines work in our body?
👉 āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϏāĻŋāύ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?
Answer: Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific germs. They prepare the body to respond quickly if exposed to the actual pathogen.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āϏāĻŋāύ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q94. What is the ozone layer? Why is it important?
👉 āĻ“āĻœā§‹āύ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?
Answer: The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs harmful UV rays from the sun, protecting life on Earth.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻ¸ā§āĻĢāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻ“āĻœā§‹āύ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϗ⧁āύāĻŋ āϰāĻļā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


Q95. What are antibiotics? When should they be used?
👉 āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§‹āϟāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧀? āĻ•āĻ–āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ?
Answer: Antibiotics are medicines that kill or stop the growth of bacteria. They should be used only when prescribed by doctors to treat bacterial infections.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§‹āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ“āώ⧁āϧ āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϜāύāĻŋāϤ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤


Q96. What are the components of blood? Explain.
👉 āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀? āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Blood is made of plasma (liquid), red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infection), and platelets (help clotting).
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ – āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāϜāĻŽāĻž (āϤāϰāϞ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ), āϞāĻžāϞ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻž (āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇), āϏāĻžāĻĻāĻž āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻž (āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇), āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϞ⧇āϟāϞ⧇āϟ (āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϜāĻŽāĻžāϟ āĻŦāĻžāρāϧāĻžā§Ÿ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇)āĨ¤


Q97. What are greenhouse gases? Name a few.
👉 āĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϕ⧀? āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Examples: Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϝāĻž āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āωāĻˇā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—ā§āϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϞ āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ‚-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§€āĨ¤ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨ⧇āύ, āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄāĨ¤


Q98. What are the uses and dangers of nuclear energy?
👉 āύāĻŋāωāĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
Uses – Power generation, medical treatments.
Dangers – Radiation, nuclear accidents, waste disposal problems.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ:
āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ – āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§ā§Ž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ, āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻžāĨ¤
āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ – āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāϰāĻŖ, āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϘāϟāύāĻž, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤


Q99. How can we control air pollution?
👉 āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ?
Answer: By using cleaner fuels, reducing vehicle emissions, planting trees, using public transport, and enforcing pollution laws.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻ—āĻžā§œāĻŋāϰ āϧ⧋āρ⧟āĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋, āĻ—āĻžāĻ› āϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋, āĻ—āĻŖāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āφāχāύ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āĨ¤


Q100. What are the causes of acid rain? How does it affect the environment?
👉 āĻ…āĻŽā§āϞāĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϕ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇?
Answer: Caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels. It damages plants, aquatic life, buildings, and soil.
🔸 āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžā§Ÿ: āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāĻļā§āĻŽ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§‹ā§œāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϞāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻŽā§āϞāĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž, āϜāϞāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€, āĻĻāĻžāϞāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Q101. Explain the principle of conservation of energy with examples.
👉 āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer:
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another. For example, in a pendulum, potential energy changes to kinetic energy and vice versa.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€, āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ, āĻĻā§‹āϞāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŦ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŦ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Q102. What are enzymes? Describe their role in digestion.
👉 āĻāύāϜāĻžāχāĻŽ āϕ⧀? āĻĒāĻžāϚāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer:
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. In digestion, enzymes break down complex food molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler forms that can be absorbed.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻāύāϜāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻšāϞ āϜ⧈āĻŦ āĻ…āύ⧁āϘāϟāĻ• āϝāĻž āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāϚāύ⧇, āĻāϰāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϏāϰāϞ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤

Q103. Discuss the structure and function of the human heart.
👉 āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer:
The human heart has four chambers – two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻšā§ƒāĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ – āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ“ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϭ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϞāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻžā§āϚāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāĻšā§€āύ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Q104. Explain photosynthesis and its importance.
👉 āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĨ⧇āϏāĻŋāϏ āϕ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. It produces oxygen as a byproduct and is vital for the survival of life on Earth.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āϏāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĨ⧇āϏāĻŋāϏ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āϜāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝāĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāϜāĻ—āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧇āρāĻšā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤

Q105. What is a balanced diet? Why is it important?
👉 āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āφāĻšāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?
Answer:
A balanced diet includes all essential nutrients in the right proportions — carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It helps maintain health, energy levels, and prevents diseases.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āφāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϤāĻž āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇, āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āĻ—āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ“ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Q106. Describe the nitrogen cycle.
👉 āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer:
The nitrogen cycle is the process through which nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms. It involves nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ, āĻŽāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻœā§€āĻŦāϜāĻ—āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰāĻžāĻĢ⧇āϰāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϏ⧇āĻļāύ, āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻļāύ, āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧇āĻļāύ, āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§‹āύāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻļāύ āĻ“ āĻĄāĻŋāύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻļāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžā§Ÿ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Q107. What is pollution? Mention different types of pollution and their effects.
👉 āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āϕ⧀? āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer:
Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. Types include air, water, soil, and noise pollution. They lead to health problems, environmental degradation, and ecosystem imbalance.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāχ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϧāϰāύ āĻšāϞ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§, āϜāϞ, āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ“ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ“ āĻœā§€āĻŦāϜāĻ—āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Q108. What is the function of the respiratory system?
👉 āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀?
Answer:
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange. It brings in oxygen from the air and removes carbon dioxide from the body. Lungs play a vital role in this system.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĨ¤ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Q109. Explain the structure of an atom.
👉 āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧁āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĨ¤
Answer:
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons revolving around it in orbits. The atom is the smallest unit of an element.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧁āϰ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āϟāύ āĻ“ āύāĻŋāωāĻŸā§āϰāύ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻ•āĻ•ā§āώāĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āχāϞ⧇āĻ•āĻŸā§āϰāύ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻšāϞ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻāĻ•āĻ•āĨ¤

Q110. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.
👉 āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer:
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another through contact, air, water, or insects. Examples: Tuberculosis, Cholera, Malaria.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ āĻāĻŽāύ āϰ⧋āĻ— āϝāĻž āĻāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›ā§œāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āϝāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž, āĻ•āϞ⧇āϰāĻž, āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤

🔹 Q121. What are communicable diseases? Name any four such diseases.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ⧂āĻĒ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer: Communicable diseases are those that can spread from one person to another through various means like air, water, food, or contact.
Examples: Tuberculosis, Influenza, Cholera, Measles.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŦ āϰ⧋āĻ—, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϰ⧇āĻ•āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ›ā§œāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒ⧜āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž, āχāύāĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ā§Ÿā§‡āĻžā§āϜāĻž, āĻ•āϞ⧇āϰāĻž, āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤


🔹 Q122. What are renewable sources of energy? Give two examples.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āϕ⧀? āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer: Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally over time.
Examples: Solar energy, Wind energy.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŦ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏ, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϏ⧌āϰāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤


🔹 Q123. What is vaccination? Why is it important?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āύ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?
Answer: Vaccination is the process of injecting a vaccine to develop immunity against diseases. It helps prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžā§ŸāĻ•āĨ¤


🔹 Q124. Define water pollution. Mention two causes and effects.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϜāϞāĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āϕ⧀? āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer: Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies due to harmful substances.
Causes: Industrial waste, sewage.
Effects: Diseases, death of aquatic life.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āϜāϞāĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ•āϰ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŽā§‡āĻļāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āϜāϞāĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖāĨ¤
āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ: āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āϝ, āύāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŽāĻžāϰ āϜāϞāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ: āϰ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ, āϜāϞāϜ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€āϰ āĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āĨ¤


🔹 Q125. Explain Newton’s First Law of Motion with an example.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻšāĨ¤
Answer: Newton’s First Law states that an object remains at rest or moves in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
Example: A ball at rest remains at rest unless pushed.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€, āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻŦāϞ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āĻ— āύāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰāϞāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ āϧāĻžāĻ•ā§āĻ•āĻž āύāĻž āϖ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāχ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q126. What are the components of food? Why are they important?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀? āĻāϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϕ⧇āύ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ?
Answer: Components: Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water.
They provide energy, build body tissues, and support overall health.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ: āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšāĻžāχāĻĄā§āϰ⧇āϟ, āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āϟāĻŋāύ, āϚāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻ­āĻŋāϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ, āĻ–āύāĻŋāϜ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ, āϜāϞāĨ¤
āĻāχ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āĻ—āĻžā§Ÿ, āϟāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q127. What are the different layers of the Earth?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀?
Answer: Crust (outermost), Mantle (middle), Core (inner - outer and inner core).
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻ­ā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ• (āĻŦāĻšāĻŋāσāĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ), āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāϞ (āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ), āϕ⧋āϰ (āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ – āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧀āĻŖ āϕ⧋āϰ)āĨ¤


🔹 Q128. Explain the greenhouse effect.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases like CO₂ and methane, which leads to global warming.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĒ āφāϟāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž, āϝāĻž āĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻšāĻžāωāϏ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ CO₂, āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨ⧇āύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āωāĻˇā§āĻŖāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžā§œā§‡āĨ¤


🔹 Q129. What is acid rain? How is it formed?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧀? āĻāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ?
Answer: Acid rain is rainwater mixed with acidic pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. These gases mix with water vapor in the atmosphere and fall as acid rain.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāϞāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰ⧋āĻœā§‡āύ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ…āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāϏāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϜāĻ˛ā§€ā§ŸāĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļ⧇ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻĄ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q130. What is osmosis? Explain with an example.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ…āĻŽāĻŋ⧟āϤāĻž (osmosis) āϕ⧀? āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher.
Example: Water moving into plant roots.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻ…āĻŽāĻŋ⧟āϤāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāϧāĻž-āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ—āĻŽā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϪ⧁āϰ āĻ•āĻŽ āϘāύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϘāύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϚāϞāĻžāϚāϞāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ—āĻžāϛ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§œā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϜāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĨ¤


🔹 Q131. What are antibiotics? Why should they not be overused?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§‹āϟāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧀? āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϕ⧇āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āύ⧟?
Answer: Antibiotics are drugs used to kill or stop the growth of bacteria. Overuse can cause antibiotic resistance.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿā§‹āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻ“āώ⧁āϧāĨ¤ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q132. Explain the role of white blood cells.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤
Answer: White blood cells protect the body by fighting infections, destroying germs, and producing antibodies.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻļā§āĻŦ⧇āϤ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ“ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻĄāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q133. What is photosynthesis? Write its equation.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§€āĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχāĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āϜāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q134. What is the function of the human brain?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀?
Answer: The brain controls all voluntary and involuntary actions, processes sensory information, stores memory, and enables thinking.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q135. What are microorganisms? Name four types.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ…āϪ⧁āĻœā§€āĻŦ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āϚāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āϧāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤
Answer: Microorganisms are tiny organisms not visible to the naked eye.
Types: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻ…āϪ⧁āĻœā§€āĻŦ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€ āϝāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤
āϧāϰāύ: āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž, āĻ­āĻžāχāϰāĻžāϏ, āĻ›āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻ•, āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻŸā§‹āĻœā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāĨ¤


🔹 Q136. How does a solar panel work?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧌āϰ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϞ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇?
Answer: A solar panel converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āϏ⧌āϰ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϞ āĻĢāĻŸā§‹āĻ­ā§‹āĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāĻ• āϕ⧋āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝ⧁āϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q137. What is a balanced diet?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āφāĻšāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀?
Answer: A balanced diet contains all essential nutrients in proper proportions for maintaining health and growth.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āφāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻŽāύ āφāĻšāĻžāϰ, āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻŦ āĻĒ⧁āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤


🔹 Q138. What causes tides in the sea?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āĻœā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāϰ-āĻ­āĻžāϟāĻž āϕ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ?
Answer: Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth's oceans.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻ“ āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻˇā§€ā§Ÿ āϟāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§€āϰ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇ āĻœā§‹ā§ŸāĻžāϰ-āĻ­āĻžāϟāĻž āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤


🔹 Q139. What is a constellation? Give one example.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύāĻ•ā§āώāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒ⧁āĻžā§āϜ āϕ⧀? āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤
Answer: A constellation is a group of stars forming a recognizable pattern.
Example: Orion.
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āύāĻ•ā§āώāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒ⧁āĻžā§āϜ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āύāĻ•ā§āώāĻ¤ā§āϰāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ“āϰāĻŋ⧟āύāĨ¤


🔹 Q140. What is electric current? What is its unit?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦ⧈āĻĻā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āϕ⧀?
Answer: Electric current is the flow of electric charge. Its unit is ampere (A).
āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ: āĻŦ⧈āĻĻā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻšāϞ⧋ āχāϞ⧇āĻ•āĻŸā§āϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ (A)āĨ¤

Q141. What is Newton's third law of motion? Give an example.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϕ⧀? āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤

Answer:
Newton's third law of motion states that "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."
Example: When we jump off a boat, the boat moves backward as we move forward.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āύāĻŋāωāϟāύ⧇āϰ āϤ⧃āϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ—āϤāĻŋāϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāϞ⧇: "āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤"
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϝāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύ⧌āĻ•āĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻĢ āĻĻāĻŋāχ, āϤāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϝāĻžāχ āφāϰ āύ⧌āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ›āύ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤


Q142. Explain the difference between reflection and refraction of light.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āφāϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧋āĨ¤

Answer:
Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface.
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Example: A mirror shows reflection, and a straw appears bent in water due to refraction.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϰ āĻĢāĻŋāϰ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āφāϞ⧋āϰ āĻŦ⧇āρāϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ†ā§ŸāύāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āφāϰ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϚ⧁āĻŦāĻžāύ⧋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰ āĻŦ⧇āρāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžā§Ÿ, āϝ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞāĨ¤


Q143. What are the uses of artificial satellites?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āωāĻĒāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
Artificial satellites are used for:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āωāĻĒāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ:


Q144. What is an electric circuit? Name its components.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŦ⧈āĻĻā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧀ āϕ⧀? āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āύāĻžāĻŽ āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§‹āĨ¤

Answer:
An electric circuit is a closed path through which electric current flows.
Its components include:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦ⧈āĻĻā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧀ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻĒāĻĨ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦ⧈āĻĻā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻšāϞ⧋:


Q145. What are communicable diseases? Give examples.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧀? āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāĻ“āĨ¤

Answer:
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from person to person through air, water, food, or contact.
Examples: Common cold, Influenza, Tuberculosis, Cholera

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏ⧇āχāϏāĻŦ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻ– āϝāĻž āĻāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ, āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āϏāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋ, āχāύāĻĢā§āϞ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻžā§āϜāĻž, āϝāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻ•āϞ⧇āϰāĻž


Q146. What is photosynthesis? Name the raw materials required.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻ⧇ āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώ āϘāĻŸā§‡? āĻāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āωāĻĒāĻ•āϰāĻŖ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇?

Answer:
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants prepare their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Raw materials: Sunlight, Carbon dioxide, Water

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
āϏāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻ‚āĻļā§āϞ⧇āώ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āĻ—āĻžāĻ›āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻž āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āωāĻĒāĻ•āϰāĻŖ: āϏ⧂āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύ āĻĄāĻžāχ-āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ, āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ


Q147. What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āϏāĻŋāϰāĻŋāϜ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āϕ⧀?

Answer:

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:


Q148. What is the function of the human brain?

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ: āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āϕ⧀?

Answer:
The human brain controls all body functions. It helps in thinking, feeling, movement, memory, and coordination.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ:
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Q149. What are the characteristics of living organisms?

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Answer:
Living organisms:

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āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€:


Q150. What is biotechnology? Mention one application.

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Answer:
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or systems to develop useful products.
Example: Producing insulin using bacteria.

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