In aviation, V-speeds are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of all aircraft.[1] These speeds are derived from data obtained by aircraft designers and manufacturers during flight testing for aircraft type-certification. Using them is considered a best practice to maximize aviation safety, aircraft performance, or both.[2]

In discussions of the takeoff performance of military aircraft, the term Vref stands for refusal speed. Refusal speed is the maximum speed during takeoff from which the air vehicle can stop within the available remaining runway length for a specified altitude, weight, and configuration.[19]Incorrectly, or as an abbreviation, some documentation refers to Vref and/or Vrot speeds as "Vr."[29]

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What do you understand when it comes to aircraft take-off performance? A takeoff for a layman might be the point the aircraft lifts off the runway. However, a takeoff involves a lot more. In this write-up we will dive deep into the takeoff performance of a large aircraft.

There are several speeds involved in a takeoff. The important thing to remember at this point is that all takeoff performances in aircraft are calculated with a failed engine (the worst-case situation, as far as aircraft performance is considered). Now, let us discuss the various speeds in more detail.

During the VMU demonstration, the pilot pulls back on the controls of the aircraft at a very low speed giving the aircraft a slow rotation. In a geometrically limited aircraft, this causes the tail of the aircraft to scrape on the runway. This tail strike limits further increase of angle of attack and prevents a stall close to the ground allowing these aircraft to have lower takeoff speeds and better performance.

For a twin-engine aircraft, TOD with engine failure is always the highest, because of the greatly reduced performance. However, for a four-engine aircraft, the limit with an engine failed is TOD multiplied by 1.15 because an engine failure has very little effect on its actual performance because it still has three live engines.

Before you go throwing everything possible into the baggage compartment, consider this: while having an aft CG definitely improves performance, in most light aircraft, the difference will only be a few extra knots of airspeed, and a few extra feet-per-minute of climb rate. 589ccfa754

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