My academic interests are primarily in environmental economics and institutional economics. Environmental economics is the application of economic analysis to problems of the environment; my major interest here is in the design of environmental policies and regulations that are more effective than those we have relied on to date. I have a long-run interest in the economics of property rights, dealing with the question of how different systems of property rights lead people to behave differently with respect to the use of environmental and natural resources. Recently I have been looking at the problem of economic growth in the developing world and the role of natural resources in that process.
My major teaching responsibilities are in environmental economics and natural resource economics. I also teach a course in environmental policy within the UMass Environmental Sciences Program. When I am not at the University I am either at home taking care of a couple of energetic youngsters, or at the airport flying a vintage Cessna taildragger.
Natural Resource Economics An Introduction Barry C Field Pdf Download
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Waveland PressAmazon.comFind in a libraryAll sellers _OC_InitNavbar({"child_node":[{"title":"My library","url":" =114584440181414684107\u0026source=gbs_lp_bookshelf_list","id":"my_library","collapsed":true},{"title":"My History","url":"","id":"my_history","collapsed":true}],"highlighted_node_id":""});Natural Resource Economics: An Introduction, Second EditionBarry C. FieldWaveland Press, Mar 12, 2008 - Business & Economics - 464 pagesPeople make decisions regarding the use of natural resources every day, from the individual recycling a sheet of paper to governments of large nations creating energy policy. Those decisions ultimately affect people around the world. Their motivation and results are best framed and analyzed using the tools of natural resource economics.
Field presents the methods and applications of the discipline in the latest edition of his popular text. The updated book retains its successful structure, first presenting basic economic principles as they apply to natural resource use and then examining the economic issues surrounding individual resources. New material is included on: energy demand and efficiency; nonrenewable resources; individual transferable fishing quotas; water pricing; agricultural cropland programs; and the Endangered Species Act.
Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues.[1] It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics "undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world. ... Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."[2]
Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital.[3] One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought, with ecological economists emphasizing "strong" sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made ("physical") capital can substitute for natural capital.[4]
The modern field of environmental economics has been traced to the 1960s[5] with significant contribution from Post-Keynesian economist Paul Davidson, who had just completed a management position with the Continental Oil Company.[6]
Central to environmental economics is the concept of market failure. Market failure means that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. As stated by Hanley, Shogren, and White (2007):[7] "A market failure occurs when the market does not allocate scarce resources to generate the greatest social welfare. A wedge exists between what a private person does given market prices and what society might want him or her to do to protect the environment. Such a wedge implies wastefulness or economic inefficiency; resources can be reallocated to make at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off." This results in a inefficient market that needs to be corrected through avenues such as government intervention. Common forms of market failure include externalities, non-excludability and non-rivalry.[8]
Assessing the economic value of the environment is a major topic within the field. The values of natural resources often are not reflected in prices that markets set and, in fact, many of them are available at no monetary charge. This mismatch frequently causes distortions in pricing of natural assets: both overuse of them and underinvestment in them.[13] Economic value or tangible benefits of ecosystem services and, more generally, of natural resources, include both use and indirect (see the nature section of ecological economics). Non-use values include existence, option, and bequest values. For example, some people may value the existence of a diverse set of species, regardless of the effect of the loss of a species on ecosystem services. The existence of these species may have an option value, as there may be the possibility of using it for some human purpose. For example, certain plants may be researched for drugs. Individuals may value the ability to leave a pristine environment for their children.
Almost all governments and states magnify environmental harm by providing various types of subsidies that have the effect of paying companies and other economic actors more to exploit natural resources than to protect them. The damage to nature of such public subsidies has been conservatively estimated at $4-$6 trillion U.S. dollars per year.[15]
Another context in which externalities apply is when globalization permits one player in a market who is unconcerned with biodiversity to undercut prices of another who is - creating a race to the bottom in regulations and conservation. This, in turn, may cause loss of natural capital with consequent erosion, water purity problems, diseases, desertification, and other outcomes that are not efficient in an economic sense. This concern is related to the subfield of sustainable development and its political relation, the anti-globalization movement.
Environmental economics was once distinct from resource economics.[23] Natural resource economics as a subfield began when the main concern of researchers was the optimal commercial exploitation of natural resource stocks. But resource managers and policy-makers eventually began to pay attention to the broader importance of natural resources (e.g. values of fish and trees beyond just their commercial exploitation). It is now difficult to distinguish "environmental" and "natural resource" economics as separate fields as the two became associated with sustainability. Many of the more radical green economists split off to work on an alternate political economy.
Environmental economics was a major influence on the theories of natural capitalism and environmental finance, which could be said to be two sub-branches of environmental economics concerned with resource conservation in production, and the value of biodiversity to humans, respectively. The theory of natural capitalism (Hawken, Lovins, Lovins) goes further than traditional environmental economics by envisioning a world where natural services are considered on par with physical capital.
The more radical green economists reject neoclassical economics in favour of a new political economy beyond capitalism or communism that gives a greater emphasis to the interaction of the human economy and the natural environment, acknowledging that "economy is three-fifths of ecology" - Mike Nickerson. This political group is a proponent of a transition to renewable energy.
An emerging sub-field of environmental economics studies its intersection with development economics. Dubbed "envirodevonomics" by Michael Greenstone and B. Kelsey Jack in their paper "Envirodevonomics: A Research Agenda for a Young Field", the sub-field is primarily interested in studying "why environmental quality [is] so poor in developing countries."[24] A strategy for better understanding this correlation between a country's GDP and its environmental quality involves analyzing how many of the central concepts of environmental economics, including market failures, externalities, and willingness to pay, may be complicated by the particular problems facing developing countries, such as political issues, lack of infrastructure, or inadequate financing tools, among many others.[25]
In the field of law and economics, environmental law is studied from an economic perspective. The economic analysis of environmental law studies instruments such as zoning, expropriation, licensing, third party liability, safety regulation, mandatory insurance, and criminal sanctions. A book by Michael Faure (2003) surveys this literature.[26]
External non-government actors necessarily operate within and may have evolved in response to the existing framework of government regulation. This may help explain why the existing pool of external actors in each region varies. Thus, to understand successes and failures of community-based natural resource management, it is important to understand not only the activities of external non-government actors, but also the policy climate within which they operate.
StreamStats is a Web-based stream information tool developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. It is intended to be a national product implemented on a state-by-state basis. A StreamStats application for South Dakota is being implemented by the U.S. Geological Survey South Dakota Water Science Center in cooperation with the South Dakota Department of Transportation and East Dakota Water Development District. StreamStats utilizes geographic information system layers, software and databases to provide stream information at user-selected sites. South Dakota StreamStats utilizes a 10-meter digital elevation model, which has been hydrologically enforced with drainage basin boundaries from the Watershed Boundary Dataset and stream locations from the high-resolution National Hydrography Dataset. Using a series of base maps, StreamStats users may zoom in and click any point of interest on a stream. StreamStats will delineate a watershed that can be edited by the user. StreamStats can calculate basin characteristics, such as contributing drainage area and channel slope and utilize published regression equations to estimate peak-flow magnitudes for various recurrence intervals. Users also may click on streamgages to view available published data including streamflow statistics, basin characteristics and descriptive information. This presentation will give the audience an introduction to the capabilities of South Dakota StreamStats and highlight specific tools that may be useful for various water-resources management applications. 589ccfa754
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