A gateway is a network node used in telecommunications that connects two networks with different transmission protocols together. Gateways serve as an entry and exit point for a network as all data must pass through or communicate with the gateway prior to being routed. In most IP-based networks, the only traffic that does not go through at least one gateway is traffic flowing among nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment. The term default gateway or network gateway may also be used to describe the same concept.
The primary advantage of using a gateway in personal or enterprise scenarios is simplifying internet connectivity into one device. In the enterprise, a gateway node can also act as a proxy server and a firewall. Gateways can be purchased through popular technology retailers, such as Best Buy, or rented through an internet service provider.
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All networks have a boundary that limits communication to devices that are directly connected to it. Due to this, if a network wants to communicate with devices, nodes or networks outside of that boundary, they require the functionality of a gateway. A gateway is often characterized as being the combination of a router and a modem.
Additionally, a service provider may develop their own personal gateways that can be used by customers. For instance, Amazon Web Services (AWS) has an Amazon API Gateway that allows a developer to connect non-AWS applications to AWS back end resources.
Gateways and routers are similar in that they both can be used to regulate traffic between two or more separate networks. However, a router is used to join two similar types of networks and a gateway is used to join two dissimilar networks. Dissimilar could be used to describe networks that use different primary protocols.
Due to this logic, a router may be considered a gateway, but a gateway is not always considered a router. Routers are the most common gateway, used to connect a home or enterprise network to the internet.
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For example, the following Gateway configuration sets up a proxy to actas a load balancer exposing port 80 and 9080 (http), 443 (https),9443(https) and port 2379 (TCP) for ingress. The gateway will beapplied to the proxy running on a pod with labels app: my-gateway-controller. While Istio will configure the proxy to listenon these ports, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure thatexternal traffic to these ports are allowed into the mesh.
The Gateway specification above describes the L4-L6 properties of a loadbalancer. A VirtualService can then be bound to a gateway to controlthe forwarding of traffic arriving at a particular host or gateway port.
The following VirtualService forwards traffic arriving at (external)port 27017 to internal Mongo server on port 5555. This rule is notapplicable internally in the mesh as the gateway list omits thereserved name mesh.
It is possible to restrict the set of virtual services that can bind toa gateway server using the namespace/hostname syntax in the hosts field.For example, the following Gateway allows any virtual service in the ns1namespace to bind to it, while restricting only the virtual service withfoo.bar.com host in the ns2 namespace to bind to it.
The ip or the Unix domain socket to which the listener should be boundto. Format: x.x.x.x or unix:///path/to/uds or unix://@foobar(Linux abstract namespace). When using Unix domain sockets, the portnumber should be 0.This can be used to restrict the reachability of this server to be gateway internal only.This is typically used when a gateway needs to communicate to another mesh servicee.g. publishing metrics. In such case, the server created with thespecified bind will not be available to external gateway clients.
One or more hosts exposed by this gateway.While typically applicable toHTTP services, it can also be used for TCP services using TLS with SNI.A host is specified as a dnsName with an optional namespace/ prefix.The dnsName should be specified using FQDN format, optionally includinga wildcard character in the left-most component (e.g., prod/*.example.com).Set the dnsName to * to select all VirtualService hosts from thespecified namespace (e.g.,prod/*).
For gateways running on Kubernetes, the name of the secret thatholds the TLS certs including the CA certificates. Applicableonly on Kubernetes. An Opaque secret should contain the followingkeys and values: tls.key: and tls.crt: orkey: and cert: .For mutual TLS, cacert: and crl: can be provided in the same secret or a separate secret named -cacert.A TLS secret for server certificates with an additional tls.ocsp-staple keyfor specifying OCSP staple information, ca.crt key for CA certificatesand ca.crl for certificate revocation list is also supported.Only one of server certificates and CA certificateor credentialName can be specified.
Secure connections from the downstream using mutual TLS bypresenting server certificates for authentication. Comparedto Mutual mode, this mode uses certificates, representinggateway workload identity, generated automatically by Istiofor mTLS authentication. When this mode is used, all otherfields in TLSOptions should be empty.
Whenever one or more Gateways are using a GatewayClass, implementations SHOULDadd the gateway-exists-finalizer.gateway.networking.k8s.io finalizer on theassociated GatewayClass. This ensures that a GatewayClass associated with aGateway is not deleted while in use.
The version of a Gateway API CRD is defined by thegateway.networking.k8s.io/bundle-version annotation on the CRD. Ifimplementations detect any Gateway API CRDs that either do not have thisannotation set, or have it set to a version that is not recognized orsupported by the implementation, this condition MUST be set to false.
BackendRequest specifies a timeout for an individual request from the gatewayto a backend. This covers the time from when the request first starts beingsent from the gateway to when the full response has been received from the backend.
An entire client HTTP transaction with a gateway, covered by the Request timeout,may result in more than one call from the gateway to the destination backend,for example, if automatic retries are supported.
gateway:experimental:descriptionWhen the parent resource is a Service, this targets a specific port in theService spec. When both Port (experimental) and SectionName are specified,the name and port of the selected port must match both specified values./gateway:experimental:description
Parents is a list of parent resources (usually Gateways) that areassociated with the route, and the status of the route with respect toeach parent. When this route attaches to a parent, the controller thatmanages the parent must add an entry to this list when the controllerfirst sees the route and should update the entry as appropriate when theroute or gateway is modified. 589ccfa754
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