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I was able to first meet Katherine and Odie during their engagement session out in Colorado where they currently reside. I had a great time getting to know them and creating some stunning images around the Flat Irons and atop Flagstaff Mountain outside of Boulder.

What is the process in Pix4D Mapper for creating orthoimages from Oblique imagery, preserving the 3D nature of the plants? Using the individual nadir images is fine for model training but obviously when merged together I lose the side-looking view at the edges of each image.

Vineyard Images Download

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My associate, Stephen, met up with the groom, Michael, and his groomsmen at the VRBO just minutes from the vineyard. As you can see, they were having a great time prepping for the big day! I must add that this group of men looked so handsome in their suits when they came walking up to the venue! Us photographers just love to see sharp-dressed men!

Aerial images have the potential to greatly enhance our vineyard monitoring efficiency because they allow us to see more vines at once and conceivably, more vines on a regular basis. They also permit us to identify vineyard problems early in their development and track the progress of measures taken to correct them. Further, they show the progress of certain vineyard operations, such as mowing, disking, hedging, and harvesting. Lastly, aerial images may reduce our vineyard monitoring costs by replacing vineyard transects with strategic spot checks.

Aerial images may also increase our vineyard management effectiveness. Often, the quality of a decision depends on the amount of available information. For this reason, aerial images, which provide information in abundance, can help us make better vineyard management decisions. They also facilitate communication with our support staff and service providers about specific locations and the extent of areas of concern. Finally, they help us focus our efforts and resources on problem areas, while avoiding needless efforts elsewhere.

In this article, I provide a few examples of how aerial images can be used to advantage in vineyard management, but first we will delve into the primary image among those commonly available, the NDVI.

Sometimes, NDVI images contain so much data that they are difficult to interpret. To address these instances, some aerial images suppliers combine categories of NDVI values into fewer groups to produce simplified NDVI zones. Such zoning maps are useful for designating management zones within vineyards and allocating inputs. Below we put the NDVI to work.

An important early season viticultural objective is the growing of complete canopies by around fruit set. To do so, shoots must grow at least at a moderate rate. If their growth is slower, vineyard managers need to take timely actions before the fruit sets to increase vine resources directed towards shoots. Later attempts to stimulate shoot growth, after the vine is directing resources into berries, require extreme measures that are less efficient than earlier efforts and contrary to the production of optimum quality wine grapes. Of course, before actions can be taken a need must be recognized. In this regard, NDVI images are helpful.

The series of NDVI images in Figure 2 show early season canopy changes in a vineyard composed of seven blocks. All blocks share the same Wye trellis, east-west row orientation, and row spacing. Five were fully developed Chardonnay blocks. In these blocks, canopy development was well timed as depicted in the transition from yellow and green to turquoise and blue across the three images.

Two of the blocks in Figure 2 were Pinot gris blocks about to bear their first crop. Their early season canopy development lagged behind that of the Chardonnay. In fact, the orange in the first image (Figure 2A) indicated sparse foliage in the Pinot gris while at the same time, many vines in the Chardonnay blocks had complete canopies with upright shoots, which was evident as medium green (Table 1). Based on these image data, the vineyard manager took prompt action, which resulted in most Pinot gris vines developing complete canopies and carrying moderate crops.

Late season changes in canopies are also apparent in NDVI images, but the sequence of color changes is essentially reverse of those early in the growing season (Figure 3). During this time, the changes represent leaf tissue deterioration due to age, which is associated with declining leaf function rather than loss of leaf area. Grapevine canopies on October 16 (Figure 3C) appeared similar to the incomplete canopies present before May 15 and their photosynthetic activity was similarly limited. The value of applied water and fertilizer were correspondingly limited at this time.

Variability in grapevine growth, canopy development, and fruit production within vineyard blocks is a fact of viticultural life. Likely causes of such variability include, but are not limited to variations in soil depth, texture, rockiness, and drainage, as well as slope and aspect. An important question for vineyard managers is: how much variability is acceptable and how much is too much?

Some aerial image suppliers provide supplemental information to help answer this question, usually as histograms. Histograms are charts that use bars to show how many times a NDVI class occurs within an image. Quite simply, the fewer the color classes and the more closely they are grouped together in a histogram, the lower the canopy variability within the vineyard block.

Even the most uniform vineyard at full canopy will display canopy variation early in the growing season while shoots are growing and late in the season while leaves are senescing. This is illustrated in Figure 5. This figure shows NDVI variability over the course of the 2016 growing season for 5 fairly uniform Chardonnay vineyards with the same vineyard design. In it, variability is shown as percentages of average NDVI values (coefficients of variation). In addition to showing higher variability early and late in the growing season, Figure 5 suggests normal mid season variability of Chardonnay on a Wye trellis is about 18% to 20%. Values greater than these represent too much variability.

During 2017, much of California experienced an extended period of high daily maximum temperatures during late August and early September. Grapevine canopy temperatures were affected accordingly. The series of images in Figure 6 display these effects in 6 Chardonnay blocks, all of which share the same Wye trellis and row spacing. They were also similarly irrigated, receiving 65% to 70% of grape ET during this period of time.

In addition to NDVI and thermal images, many aerial image suppliers provide infrared images and enhanced color images. Color aerial images show reflection of visible radiation composed of blue, red, and green light. Grapevine foliage adsorbs large amounts of blue and red light due to the chlorophyll it contains. The absorption of red is particularly important because it is photosynthetically active. Due to weaker absorption, more green is reflected than blue and red, which makes foliage appear green to us in the field and in color images. Because foliage chlorophyll content varies with foliage age and condition, so does its color reflective signature and appearance in the images. Consequently, the more vigorous growing and healthy the foliage, the greener it appears.

Aerial imagery products are more accurate, less expensive, and more readily available than in the past. Due to these advances and other features, they can enhance our vineyard monitoring efficiency and vineyard management effectiveness.

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Located above Peachy Canyon Road on the west side of Paso Robles, the vineyard is one of the highest in the area. Law Estate Wines creates world-class wines through sustainable and organic farming practices.

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More than four decades ago, Jerry Lohr became one of a handful of early pioneers to explore the potential for premium wine growing on California's Central Coast. Today J. Lohr Vineyards & Wines includes more than 3,700 acres of vineyards.

Picnic Area

Surrounded by rolling hills and nestled among estate vineyard, the tasting room at Hearst Ranch Winery in Paso Robles is right in the heart of wine country. A beautiful outdoor patio space is perfect for taking in the beauty of the Paso Robles countryside while you enjoy their award-winning wines.

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DAILY 10 AM - 6 PM

Eberle is one the highest award-winning wineries in the U.S. and ranks in the top 10 of gold medal award-winning wineries in the country. Enjoy a picnic on the vineyard deck overlooking the estate vineyard.

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Create your own curated itinerary, from tasting flights to wine pairings featuring fresh, seasonal dishes prepared by the DAOU culinary team. Stroll the grounds and savor the panoramic ambiance of the vineyard and olive groves amid the majestic background of mountain rangers and woodland wilderness.