Decoding Indian Units of Time into modern Astronomy

Venkatram Nalla

27 July 2020

https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/manuscript_docx/12781121

DOI:10.6084/m9.figshare.12781121

Abstract: We believe that the Universe is in spherical shape, and it is expanding continuously [1]. An object with spherical shape should have bonding with its internal belongings. A bonded object cannot be expanded continuously, after some time it will start shrinking (this will be periodical in nature). Here, the correlation between Indian units of time mentioned in ancient texts and modern astronomical events are explained. From the correlation, it is assumed that Universe cannot expand continuously. According to Indian time scales, Universe will start shrinking after 155.5 trillion human years of its formation. This is called Mahā-Pralaya, second half of Brahma’s life [2]. According to Indian traditional calendar this Mahā-Pralaya is already started [3]. Destruction of Universe also predicted by modern scientists [4]. Day of Brahma (~8.64 billion human years) is an orbital time period of Milky Way Galaxy going around the Universe. In this manuscript, I am also trying to give hypothetical location of missing planet (planet-X).

Units of time mentioned in ancient Indian texts [2, 3] are quite complicated and hard to understand. To make normal people to understand, Indian Rishis gave this knowledge in simple terms. But the real science involved in them is hidden and cannot be understand easily. Here, I am trying to correlate those units with modern astronomical events and look for further research on those units. By starting from smaller unit to the larger unit mentioned in the ancient texts are somehow related to astronomical events.

Human year (Earth year): The time taken by the Earth to make one revolution around the Sun. Generally Indians consider 360 days in a year (Indian lunisolar calendar has 354 days a year, they will add extra month to every three years).

Pitri year = 30 Human years (~Saturn year): The time taken by Saturn to make one revolution around the Sun. Pitri literally means forefathers/ ancestors. Ancient Indians might have thought that Pitris (our forefathers) are living on the Saturn. Scientifically, moons of Saturn are interesting. Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere. Recently NASA also found new kind of orgonic molecules on Saturn's another moon Enceladus [5]. Ofcourse, in Indian theology Saturn is considered “God of Justice” (brother of Yama, son of Sun) . Ratio of distance from the Sun and planet's diameter is nearly same for both the Earth and the Saturn.

Deva year = 360 Human years (~Planet-X year): Deva means God. Deva year literally means “God’s year”, which is equivalent to 360 human years. In our solar system, there is no planet with orbital period (time taken by the planet to make one revolution around the Sun) with 360 human years. It is evident that planet’s orbital period has a relation with its distance from the Sun. From the extrapolated curve as shown in Fig 1, by considering 360 human years as its orbital period, Deva planet can be traced with in the distance of 50-60 AU from the Sun (1 AU =149.6 million km, the distance from Earth to Sun ). This is also can be planet-X, considered to be mysterious ninth planet by many scientists [6]. Recently, there is also a report of Planet-X (planet 9) can be a Black Hole [7]. As ongoing searches for Planet Nine in visible and infrared light turn up empty, these authors says, then perhaps future surveys could look for a source of x rays or gamma rays instead. I believe that, Devas are using similar technology as Black Hole, so that it is not visible to humans.

Fig 1: Plot between, distance of planet from Sun and orbital period. Extrapolation of this curve to the 360 human years of orbital period is Deva planet. 1- Mercury, 2- Venus, 3- Earth, 4- Mars, 5- Jupiter, 6- Saturn, 7- Uranus, 8- Neptune and 9-planet-X (Deva planet). These values are adopted from NASA [8]. Distances used here are average distances, as elliptical orbit of planets has aphelion and perihelion.

Manvantara (~ Galactic year): This is lifespan of Manu, in modern astronomy it is similar to the time solar system takes to orbit around the center of the galaxy, it is sometimes called as a cosmic year or Galactic year [9, 10]. In Indian texts Manvantara is given as 306,720,000 human years. Manvantara can be correlated with the modern cosmic year (225-250 million years). Acording to Indian texts, the current Manu is the 7th of 14. End of every Manvantara results in mass destruction of dominate species on Earth [3]. When solar system reaches near to asteroid belts or certain places in the Milky way there is a possibility of destruction on the Earth or in solar system.

Brahma’s life time (100 Brahma years, Mahā-kalpa + Mahā-Pralaya): This is the life time of Brahma (100 Brahma years ~ 310 trillion human years). Here, Brahma means Brahmandam, which is literally means Universe. According to Indian theology Brahmandam created from a small egg. Life of Brahma means life of Universe. In Indian texts it is mentioned that, whole Universe will collapse and recreate into new Universe after Brahma’s life time. Brahma has 50 Brahma years of expansion (Mahā-kalpa) and contraction (Mahā-Pralaya) each. Kalpa/kalpana means creation/illusion. Mahā-Pralaya literally means destruction. According to Indian calendar this Mahā-Pralaya is already started [3]. Modern day scientists also predicted the destruction of Universe by varies ways [4, 11]. After life of current Brahma another Brahma will start creating another Universe, which is clear indication of next Universe creation after current one. In Indian theology Universe creation, distraction and recreation is a cyclic process. This is similar to Loop Quantum Gravity ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity ).

Day of Brahma: Here my hypothesis is, Galaxies are not independent but they are orbiting around the centre of the Universe (starting point of Big Bang). An orbital time period of the Milky Way Galaxy going around the Universe is a day of Brahma (~8.64 billion human years). If this is true, Universe expansion faster than speed of light [12, 13] maybe result of Doppler shift, due to different Galaxies orbits the centre of the Universe with different time periods.

Conclusions:

Reference:

[1] Di Valentino, E., et al. “Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology”.Nola Taylor Redd, “What is the Shape of the Universe?”, January 16, 2014.

[2] Gupta, Dr. S. V. (2010). "Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements". In Hull, Prof. Robert; Osgood, Jr., Prof. Richard M.; Parisi, Prof. Jurgen; Warlimont, Prof. Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122. Springer. p. 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time#CITEREFGupta2010

[3] Krishnamurthy, Prof. V. (2019). "Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures". Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism. Notion Press. ISBN 9781684669387. Each manvantara is preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya (sandhya meaning, twilight). ... According to the traditional time-keeping ... Thus in Brahma's calendar the present time may be coded as his 51st year - first month - first day - 7th manvantara - 28th maha-yuga - 4th yuga or kaliyuga.

[4] Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (April 1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects". Reviews of Modern Physics 69 (2): 337–372. arXiv:astro-ph/9701131. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337.

[5] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/new-organic-compounds-found-in-enceladus-ice-grains

[6] Eric Hand, “Astronomers say a Neptune-sized planet lurks beyond Pluto”, Science, Jan. 20, 2016.

[7] Jakub Scholtz and James Unwin, "What If Planet 9 Is a Primordial Black Hole?", Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 051103 (2020).

[8] https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/

[9] Morris, Mark. "The Milky Way." The World Book Encyclopedia, 2002, Vol. 13: 551. https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml

[10] Leong, Stacy (2002). "Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)". The Physics Factbook. http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/geologic_time_galactic/

[11] Ethan Siegel, “The Five Ways The Universe Might End”, Frobes, Jan 4, 2019.

[12] Lauris Baum and Paul H. Frampton, "Turnaround in Cyclic Cosmology", Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 071301 (2007). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_model#cite_note-Frampton_2006-2

[13] P. H. Frampton (2006). "On Cyclic Universes". arXiv:astro-ph/0612243.

What If Planet 9 Is a Primordial Black Hole?

Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 051103 – Published 29 July 2020