Operando Analyses

     Mechanistic understanding of battery electrode materials is the key to improve their properties and hence the battery performance. Operando/in-situ analyses of battery electrodes can provide real-time understanding of battery working principle and degradation mechanism of batteries. The focus in this area is to use a versatile operando electrochemical cell (home-made and validated) to elucidate key performance bottlenecks in some technologically important battery chemistries. Improvement and optimization of the cell design for broader application is another important direction.