For the polynomial ring, we know that any module admits resolution no longer than the number of variables. This can be translated into a purely categorical statement: for R a polynomial ring in n variables, any object of the bounded derived category of finitely-generated modules D^b(mod R) can built using basic categorical operation (shifts, sums, and summands) using at most n mapping cones starting from R.
For general, non-regular R, this fails dramatically. Is there a natural object to substitute for R to recover finite (strong) generation? In prime characteristic, there is. As one application, using categorical invariants, we can define a hierarchy of new classes of singularities extending a familiar one.
This is joint work with P. Lank, S. Iyengar, A. Mukhopadhyay, and J. Pollitz.