Despite no identified leader(s), the protests were very organised. Women emerged with prominence, such as Aisha Yesufu and The Feminist Coalition. The Feminist Coalition successfully raised nearly 148 million Naira in two-weeks, despite the Central Bank of Nigeria blocking their accounts, claiming funds were used for terrorist activities. The group instead received Bitcoin donations as endorsed by Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, and in a country known for its corruption, gave daily reports of how the funds had been spent. Various individuals mobilised free legal aid and medical care for protesters, and even free mobile phone charging points at the protest sites.

With changing political office, comes changing economic policy. At least, that is what millions of Nigerians are hoping for from newly elected President Muhammadu Buhari. The Nigerian capital market responded positively to the change in leadership, gaining 8.30%, its single biggest daily gain all year. High optimism for the new leader to follow through on his promise to reshape the national economy is sorely needed at this point.


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Grace eventually tires of Ade's behaviour and confronts him, setting off a series of battles that makes Ade realise how easily his enviable lifestyle could be taken away. With the going tough and friends thin, Ade decides to mount a final showdown that will be a turning point for everyone.

Baiyewu: The #EndSARS protests had started as far back as 2017, but gained their largest traction this year. I think this is attributable to a number of factors: First, I believe that most struggles for rights and dignity will eventually reach a tipping point if the campaign is tenacious and consistent. As citizens grapple with increasing insecurity from both organised criminal groups and the law enforcement agencies that should protect them, the #EndSARS campaign has been tenaciously consistent. Second, the spate of police brutality had spiralled to an all-time high and Nigerians felt pushed to the wall. It would seem that with each passing year, SARS became more emboldened due to impunity. As with most post-colonial security forces, their ideological roots may be found in blind loyalty to those in power, and not citizens. But citizens are starting to evolve their thinking around what a democracy should look like, and what their social contract with the state should entail. It was therefore only natural that with time they should resist mistreatment more vocally. Third, social media and the increase in citizen reporting tipped the conversation on this, and gained sufficient momentum to move it from the digital space to the terrestrial civic space. Ironically, the government has over time attempted to gag citizens' dissent in the physical civic space. This led to increased digital advocacy, which then tipped over to the streets!

For most global observers trying to make sense of recent events in West Africa, the key points of interest follow a story as old as the Cold War: Outside of enormous humanitarian crises, the only events that garner much attention in Africa are contests between big outside powers.

Kuti is widely considered one of the most influential musicians to emerge from post-independence Nigeria, and his music still impacts artists and political conversation today. "The album tapped into the wider cultural backdrop of the continent's crippling frustrations and bitter disappointment with its politicians and business communities, but it also reflected the indefatigable energy of Africa's creative sectors and their irrepressible drive to create beautiful things in the face of unimaginable challenges."

Benin: Benin serves as a strategic trans-shipment point to the larger landlocked West African nations of Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, and Chad, making it a unique importer. For example, exporters reported $2.2 billion in agricultural exports to Benin in 2014, but Benin itself only reported imports of $426 million, meaning about $1.7 billion in goods was trans-shipped to other countries.

"It's really important that the victims receive immediate support from a medical and psychological point of view," Genevive Garrigos, president of Amnesty International in France, told RFI. "Yet in the past, hostages have been detained for weeks on the grounds of security."

The turning point for Temitope Ojo, a media practitioner based in Lagos, came from social media. Prior to getting the COVID-19 vaccine on 26 March, Ojo had mixed feelings about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines.

Since getting the first dose, Ojo, who is due for her second shot in June, has also made a point of sharing photos of her vaccination experience on her various social media pages to encourage others to embrace the vaccine.

Growth in developing countries will pick up from 4.8 percent in 2013 to a slower than previously expected 5.3 percent this year, 5.5 percent in 2015 and 5.7 percent in 2016. While the pace is about 2.2 percentage points lower than during the boom period of 2003-07, the slower growth is not a cause for concern. Almost all of the difference reflects a cooling off of the unsustainable turbo-charged pre-crisis growth, with very little due to an easing of growth potential in developing countries. Moreover, even this slower growth represents a substantial (60 percent) improvement compared with growth in the 1980s and early 1990s.

The report points out that, although the main tail risks that have preoccupied the global economy over the past five years have subsided, the underlying challenges remain. Moreover, while developing countries responded to the global financial crisis by deploying fiscal and monetary stimuli, the scope for such actions has declined, with government budgets and current account balances in the red in most countries.

The First World War represented a turning-point in African history, not as dramatic as the Second World War, but nevertheless important in many areas. One of its most important legacies was the reordering of the map of Africa roughly as it is today.

The result of this exodus was a slowdown, if not a complete stoppage, of many essential services manned by Europeans. In certain instances Africans were specially trained, as in Senegal, to fill the vacancies thus created. In British West Africa, others jobs hitherto reserved for whites were filled by educated Africans which, as Richard Rathbone has pointed out, goes some way towards explaining the loyalty of the elites during the war. In French West Africa, the governor-general complained that the British, who were not subjected to general mobilization in their colonies, were taking advantage of the fact that their French allies were, by filling the trading vacuum left by the departure of French commercial agents to the front. Only in Egypt was there a net increase in the European presence, since there was an enormous influx of British troops using Egypt as a base for the Allied offensive in the Middle East.

From the African point of view, perhaps even more remarkable than the apparent exodus of Europeans was the spectacle of white people fighting each other, a thing they had never done during the colonial occupation. What is more they encouraged their subjects in uniform to kill the 'enemy' white man, who hitherto had belonged to a clan who, by virtue of trie colour of his skin, was held to be sacrosanct and desecration of whose person had hitherto been visited with the direst retribution.

Large numbers of soldiers and carriers, however, were formally conscripted. In French Black Africa, a Decree of 1912 aimed at creating a permanent black army made military service for four years compulsory for all African males between the ages of 20 and 28. The aim was to replace garrison troops in Algeria with black African troops so that the former would be available for service in Europe in the eventuality of war. If such a war were prolonged, General Mangin wrote, 'Our African forces would constitute an almost indefinite reserve, the source of which is beyond the reach of the adversary.' After the outbreak of war, with 14785 African troops in West Africa alone, it was decided to recruit 50000 more during the 1915-16 recruitment campaign. Thus began in French Africa an exercise called by Governor Angoulvant a vritable chasseĀ  l'homme26 and recently described by Jide Osuntokun as a new slave trade.Chiefs were given quotas of men tof ill,a nd rounded up strangers and former slaves to avoid enlisting their immediate dependants or kinsmen. Since births were not registered, many men above and below military age were recruited. But, as we shall see, the recruitment campaign provoked widespread revolts and the insurgent areas were impossible to recruit in. Desperate for more men and in the hope that an African of high standing might succeed where Frenchmen had not, the French Government resorted to the appointment in 1918 of Blaise Diagne as High Commissioner for the Recruitment of Black Troops. Set the target of recruiting 40000 men, his teams actually enlisted 63378, few of whom, however, saw the front since the war ended in November 1918.

While the war directly took an enormous toll in dead and wounded in Africa, it further accounted for innumerable indirect deaths in the Africawide influenza epidemic of 1918-19 whose spread was facilitated by the movement of troops and carriers returning home.

Demands for troops and carriers as well as for increased production of both export and subsistence crops resulted in shortages of labour in many parts of the continent during the war. Recruitment of carriers in Northern Rhodesia for the East Africa campaign cut off Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Katanga from their traditional source of labour and the Belgian administration in the Congo had to conduct forced recruitment of labour for the country's mines. The influenza epidemic at the end of the war in East and Central Africa particularly affected the returning carriers and created acute shortages of labour in Kenya and the Rhodesias. This shortage occurred among European as well as African personnel; and in Southern Rhodesia, where white railway workers had hitherto been laid off at will by their employers because of the availability of replacements, they were now at such a premium that they were able to form unions,58 previously resisted by employers and Government. 2351a5e196

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