Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) (5 papers)
MLP
O. Parra, G. Garcia, B. Reyes “Traffic Forecasting using A Multi Layer Perceptron Model”, ACM Symposium on Qos And Security For Wireless And Mobile Networks, 2014.
STHMLP
Y. Qin, H. Luo, F. Zhao, Y. Fang, X. Tao, C. Wang, "Spatio-Temporal Hierarchical MLP Network For Traffic Forecasting", Information Sciences, Volume 632, pages 543-554, 2023.
PreMixer
T. Zhang, Z. Cui, B. Wang, Y. Ren, H. Yu, P. Deng, Y. Wang, “PreMixer: MLP-Based Pre-training Enhanced MLP-Mixers for Large-scale Traffic Forecasting”, Preprint, 2024.
STPS
Z. Liu, Z. Jiang, Z. Xu, T. Xiao, Z. Xiao, H. Wang, S. Chen, “Spatio-Temporal Partial Sensing Forecast for Long-term Traffic”, Preprint, 2024.
ST-GMLP
Y. Luo, J. Zheng, X. Wang, X. Jiang, Z. Zhu, “ST-GMLP: A Concise Spatial-Temporal Framework Based on Gated Multi-Layer Perceptron for Traffic Flow Forecasting”, Neural Networks, April 2025.
Rectified Linear Unit (1 paper)
STReLU
G. Hu , Y. Shen, "STReLU: Spatio-Temporal Rectified Linear Unit for Traffic Forecasting", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2025.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) (1 paper)
CiRNN
R. Baruah, M. Organero, "Explicit Context Integrated Recurrent Neural Network For Applications in Smart Environment", Expert Systems with Applications, Volume 255, 2024.
Quantum Neural Networks (1 paper)
N. Schetakis, P. Bonfini, N. Alisoltani, K. Blazakis, S. Tsintzos, A. Askitopoulos, D. Aghamalyan, P. Fafoutellis, E. Vlahogianni, “Quantum Neural Networks with Data Re-Uploading For Urban Traffic Time Series Forecasting”, Scientific Reports, 2025.
Recurrent Unit (GRU) (4 papers)
GRU
E. Shiang, W. Chien, C. Lai, H. Chao, "Gated Recurrent Unit Network-based Cellular Traffic Prediction", International Conference on Information Networking, ICOIN 2020, 2020.
BiGRU
S. Wang, C. Shao, J. Zhang, Y. Zheng, M. Meng, "Traffic Flow Prediction using Bi-Directional Gated Recurrent Unit Method", Urban Informatics, 2022.
ST-BiGRU
J. Zhang, X. Xu, F. Xiao, "STBGRN: A Traffic Prediction Model based on Spatiotemporal Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units and Graph Convolutional Residual Networks", International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Volume 17, 2024.
Extended GRU
C. Huang, J. Chang, C. Tseng, J. Wu, W. Chang, “A Lightweight Recurrent Architecture for Robust Urban Traffic Forecasting with Missing Data”, IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation System, 2025.
Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (1 paper)
CycleKAN
Y. Hou, D. Zhang, Q. Niu, “CycleKAN: Integrating Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks with Explicit Cycle Modeling for Efficient Urban Traffic Forecasting”, International Conference on Intelligent Computing, pages 257-268, July 2025