Moscow Photography

Address: Kalanchevskaya Ulitsa, 17 стр. 1, Moscow, Russia, 107078

Hours: Open ⋅ Closes 10 PM

(/ˈmɒskoʊ/ MOS-koh, US mainly /ˈmɒskaʊ/ MOS-kow;[12] [13] Moscow (Russian: осква, tr. осква, IPA: [mskva]) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city is located on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with an estimated population of 13.0 million within the city limits, over 17 million in the urban region, and over 21.5 million in the metropolitan area. [14] The city occupies an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while the urban area occupies an area of 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi)[7] and the metropolitan area occupies an area of more than 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi). [14] Moscow Photography is one of the largest cities in the world, being the most populous city in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan region in Europe, and the largest city by geographical area on the European continent. [15]

Moscow Photography, first recorded in 1147, evolved to become a great and strong city that served as the capital of the Grand Duchy bearing its name. When the Grand Duchy of Moscow Wichita Falls Photography became the Tsardom of Russia, Moscow Photography remained the political and economic heart of the Tsardom throughout the majority of its history. When the Tsardom was transformed into the Russian Empire, the capital was relocated from Moscow to Saint Petersburg, which diminished the city's significance. Following the October Revolution, the capital was moved back to Moscow and the city was reinstated as the political hub of the Russian SFSR and eventually the Soviet Union. [16] Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Moscow Photography continued to serve as the capital of the newly-formed Russian Federation.

The northernmost and coldest megacity in the world, Moscow Photography is governed as a federal city (since 1993)[17] and is the political, economic, cultural, and scientific capital of Russia and Eastern Europe. As a leading global city,[18] Moscow Photography has one of the largest metropolitan economies in the world. [19] The city is one of the most visited in Europe and one of the fastest-growing tourist attractions in the globe. Moscow Photography has the seventh-highest concentration of millionaires of any cities. [21] The Moscow International Business Center is one of the world's and Europe's largest financial hubs and is home to the majority of Europe's tallest skyscrapers. Moscow Photography hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics and will be one of the 2018 FIFA World Cup host cities. [22]

Moscow Photography, the historic center of Russia, is home to several Russian artists, scientists, and sports stars because to the presence of its major museums, academic and political institutions, and theaters. The city is home to a number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is renowned for its display of Russian architecture, especially its historic Red Square and buildings such as the Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Photography Kremlin, the latter of which serves as the seat of power for the Russian Government. Moscow Photography is served by a complex transit network that includes four international airports, ten railway terminals, a tram system, a monorail system, and most notably the Moscow Photography Metro, Europe's busiest metro system and one of the world's largest rapid transit systems. Over forty percent of the city's land is covered in vegetation, making it one of the greenest towns in Europe and the globe. [15] [23]\sEtymology

It is believed that the name of the city comes from the Moskva River.

[24]

[25] Various explanations regarding the origin of the river's name have been presented. Merya and Muroma Finno-Ugrics, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes that previously inhabited the region, purportedly called the river Mustajoki, or Black river. It has been believed that this phrase is the origin of the city's name. [26] [27]

The most linguistically sound and largely accepted is Proto-Balto-Slavic *mzg-/muzg- from Proto-Indo-European *meu- "wet"

Therefore, the word Moskva may refer to a river in a wetland or a marsh.

[24] It shares cognates with Russian: muzga, muzga, Lithuanian: mazgoti and Latvian: mazgt, Sanskrit: májjati "to drown," and Latin: merg "to dip, immerse." [24] [28] Moskov is a common surname in several Slavic nations, particularly in Russia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and North Macedonia. [30] Additionally, there are locations in Poland with similar names to Mozgawa. [24][25] [28]

The original Old Russian form of the name is *Mosky, *Mosky; therefore, it was one of the few Slavic -stem nouns. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing morphological change during the early stages of the language's development; as a result, the first written mentions of the city appeared in the 12th century as Moskov_, Moskov (accusative case), Moskvi, Moskvi (locative case), Moskve/Moskv, Moskve/Moskv, and Moskve/Moskv (genitive case). [24] [25] As a result of morphological generalization with the numerous Slavic -stem nouns, the contemporary Russian word for Moscow, Moskva, is derived from the latter forms.

Nonetheless, the form Moskov has left traces in numerous other languages, such as English: Moscow Photography, German: Moskau, French: Moscou, Georgian:, Latvian: Maskava, Bashkir: Msk, Tatar: Maskaw, Portuguese: Moscovo, Chuvash: Muskav, and Spanish: Mosc.

Throughout a similar fashion, the Latin name Moscovia was derived; in the 16th and 17th centuries, it was employed as a slang term for Russia in Western Europe. In addition, English Muscovy and muscovite originated from it. [31] [failure to verify]

Modern linguists mostly dismiss numerous alternative theories (concerning Celtic, Iranian, and Caucasian roots) that lack substantial scientific support.

[24][25]

Other titles

The majority of Moscow Photography's nicknames refer to its size and prominent status in the nation: The Third Rome (Tretij Rim), the Whitestone One (Belokamennaa), the First Throne (Pervoprestol naa), and the Forty Soroks (Sorok Soroks) ("sorok" meaning both "forty, a great many" and "a district or parish" in Old Russian). Additionally, Moscow Photography is one of the twelve Hero Cities. The demonym for a resident of Moscow Photography is "moskvic" (moskvich) for males and "moskvicka" (moskvichka) for females, which translates to "Muscovite" in English. MSK is the acronym for "Moscow Photography" (MSK in Russian). (Reference needed)

History

The primary article concerns a history of photography in Moscow

See Timeline of Moscow Photography for a chronological breakdown.

Prehistory

Archaeological excavations indicate that the current location of Moscow Photography and the surrounding area have been occupied since the beginning of time. Among the earliest artifacts discovered are remnants of the Lyalovo civilization, which researchers place in the Neolithic era, the final phase of the Stone Age. [32]

They confirm that the area's first occupants were hunters and gatherers. Two Slavic tribes, Vyatichi and Krivichi, came here around 950 CE. Perhaps the Vyatichi comprised the majority of Moscow's indigenous population. [33]

Ancient history (1147–1284)

Additional information: Kievan Rus' and Vladimir-Suzdal

Vladimir-Suzdal, a principality on the northeastern outskirts of Kievan Rus', developed became the Grand Duchy of Moscow Photography.

The first documented mention of Moscow Photography was in 1147, when Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich met there. At the time, it was a small settlement on the western border of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal. The chronicle states, "Come, my brother, to Moskov" (Pridi ko mne, brate, v Moskov). [34]

Knyaz Yuri Dolgorukiy defended the city with a wooden wall and a moat in 1156. During the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', the Mongols headed by Batu Khan destroyed the city and slaughtered its residents. (Reference needed)

In the 1260s, Daniel, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, inherited the timber fort na Moskv "on the Moscow Photography River" which was considered the least important of his father's assets at the time. Daniel was still a child at the time, and Yaroslav, Daniel's uncle from Tver, had assigned tiuns (deputies) to oversee the large fort. (Reference needed)

In the 1270s, Daniel came of age and became embroiled in the power battles of the principality, supporting his brother Dmitry's ambition for the control of Novgorod. Beginning in 1283, he co-ruled an independent principality with Dmitry, who later became Grand Duke of Vladimir. Daniel is credited with establishing the first monasteries in Moscow devoted to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel. [35]

Grand Duchy (1283–1547)

Photography of the Grand Duchy of Moscow

The Moscow Photographic Collection The Kremlin in the late sixteenth century

The siege of Moscow's Red Square in 1382

Daniel ruled Moscow Photography as Grand Duke until 1303 and founded a thriving metropolis that, by the 1320s, would surpass its parent principality, Vladimir.

On the right bank of the Moskva River, eight kilometers (five miles) from the Kremlin, Daniel established the first monastery with the wooden chapel of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is today the Danilov Monastery, no later than 1282. Daniel passed away in 1303 at age 42. Prior to his death, he became a monk and, per his wishes, was buried in the St. Daniel Monastery cemetery.

For many years, Moscow Photography was very stable and affluent, attracting a considerable number of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained huge landholdings by the practice of primogeniture, in which all land was transferred to the eldest sons as opposed to being divided among all sons. Yury of Moscow Photography vied with Mikhail of Tver for the crown of the Vladimir principality in 1304. Ivan I ultimately overcame Tver to become the sole tax collector for the Mongol monarchs, therefore establishing Moscow Photography as the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal. Ivan was able to secure an important concession from the Khan by paying a significant tribute.

Spassky Cathedral, Moscow's oldest surviving structure, was constructed in 1357.

When the rise of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a threat to all of Russia, the Khan of the Golden Horde reinforced Moscow Photography to offset it, causing it to become one of the most powerful towns in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to a decisive victory against the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo. After that, Moscow Photography led the charge to liberate Russia from Mongol rule. In 1480, Ivan III finally liberated the Russians from Tatar rule, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually cover all of Russia and Siberia, as well as portions of numerous other lands.

The Spasskaya Tower was constructed in 1491.

Ivan III (1440–1506) became the Grand Prince of Moscow in 1462. (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, expanded Muscovy's boundaries, and embellished his capital city. By the year 1500, it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the world's largest cities. He seized the far bigger northern principality of Novgorod, which had been aligned with the enemy Lithuanians. Thus, he increased the size of the territory from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometers (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles). He seized control of the ancient "Novgorod Chronicle" and transformed it into a propaganda organ for his administration. [36] [37]

The first Moscow Photography Kremlin was constructed in the fourteenth century. In the 1480s, Ivan summoned architects from Renaissance Italy, including Petrus Antonius Solarius, who created the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo, who designed the prince's new castle. The current Kremlin walls were designed by Solarius and finished in 1495. The Great Bell Tower of the Kremlin was constructed in 1505–08 and expanded to its present height around 1600.

A trading town, or posad, developed in the Zaradye (Zarad e) region to the east of the Kremlin. During the reign of Ivan III, the original name of the Red Square was the Hollow Field (Poloe pole).

In the years 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) ordered for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall that would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat and measuring 541 metres (1,775 feet) in length, 36 metres (118 feet) in breadth, and 9.5 to 13 metres (31–43 feet) in depth, was built with limestone and surrounded by low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls in 1533.

Tsardom (1547–1721) (1547–1721)

Additional information: 1561 construction of the Tsardom of Russia Saint Basil's Cathedral

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Kitay-gorod (Kitaj-gorod), the White City (Belyj gorod), and the Earthen City (Zemlanoj gorod) were constructed. However, in 1547, two fires devastated a large portion of the city, and in 1571, the Crimean Tatars conquered the city and burned everything but the Kremlin. [38] According to historical records, barely 30,000 out of 200,000 persons survived.

View of 17th-century Moscow Photography (1922 drawing by Apollinary Vasnetsov) The Crimean Tatars struck again in 1591, but this time they were repelled by new fortification walls constructed by Fyodor Kon between 1584 and 1591. In 1592, a 50-tower earthen rampart was constructed on the right bank of the Moscow Photography River, which surrounded the city. The Novodevichy Convent and the Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, the majority of which are now museums, were erected as an outermost line of defense beyond the ramparts to the southeast and southeast. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as "White-Walled." Bielokamennaya. The Garden Ring replaces the ramparts constructed in 1592 as the boundary of the city.

On the eastern side of the Kremlin wall existed three square gates known in the 17th century as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, and Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The final two gates were situated directly across from the Red Square, while the Konstantin-Elenensky gate was situated behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.

The "Sigismundian" Plan of Moscow Photography (1610), named after Sigismund III of Poland, is the final city plan created prior to the devastation of the city in 1612 by retreating Polish troops and subsequent street network revisions. North is to the right and west is at the top.

The Russian famine of 1601–03 killed up to one hundred thousand people in Moscow Photography. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth invaded Moscow Photography from 1610 to 1612, when its king Sigismund III attempted to seize the Russian crown. In 1612, the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities, headed by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, revolted against the Polish occupiers, besieged the Kremlin, and evicted them. Michael Romanov was chosen tsar by the Zemsky sobor in 1613, creating the Romanov dynasty. The 17th century witnessed numerous public uprisings, including the liberation of Moscow Photography from Polish–Lithuanian invaders in 1612, the Salt Riot in 1648, the Copper Riot in 1662, and the Moscow Photography Uprising in 1682.

During the first fifty years of the seventeenth century, the population of Moscow Photography nearly doubled from 100,000 to 200,000. In the late 17th century, it grew beyond its fortifications. It is estimated that by the middle of the 17th century, 20 percent of the population of a Moscow Photography suburb was from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, nearly all of whom were expelled to Moscow Photography by Muscovite invaders. [39] By 1682, Ukrainians and Belarusians who had been taken from their homelands during the Russo-Polish War had established 692 households north of the ramparts (1654–1667). These expanded city limits became known as Meshchanskaya sloboda, after the Ruthenian word for "town people" meshchane. In 18th-century Russia, the name meshchane (mesane) gained derogatory overtones, and nowadays it implies "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine" [40]

The whole late 17th-century metropolis, including the slobodas that grew beyond the city walls, is located within what is now the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow Photography.

Multiple catastrophes befell the city. In 1570–1571, 1592, and 1654–1654, plague outbreaks decimated Moscow Photography. In 1654–55, the plague killed up to 80% of the population. The majority of the wooden city was destroyed by fires in 1626 and 1648. [42] Peter the Great relocated his government to the newly constructed city of Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast in 1712. Except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the sway of the Supreme Privy Council, Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital.

Empire (1721–1917) (1721–1917)

Principal article: Photography Governorate of Moscow

Additional information: Russian Imperium

A panoramic image of the Moskva riverfront as seen from the Spasskaya Tower in 1819–1823 photography.

After losing its prominence as the capital of the empire, Moscow's population initially declined from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. After 1750, the population increased by more than a factor of ten during the remainder of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The Russian epidemic of 1770–1772 killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow. 17th century bookshops on the Novospassky Bridge, by Apollinary Vasnetsov

By 1700, construction of cobblestone roadways had begun. In November 1730, the first permanent street light was installed, and by 1867, gaslights were widespread. Around the Prechistinskiy Gates in 1883, arc lighting were placed. In 1741, Moscow Photography was surrounded by a 40-kilometer-long (25-mile-long) fortification, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 customs gates. Today, a series of streets named val ("ramparts") follow its path. The Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was constructed between 1781 and 1804 A Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow Photography was founded in 1813, following the devastation of most of the city during the French occupation. It initiated an extensive program of reconstruction, including a partial redevelopment of the city center. The Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury, the Moscow Photography University, the Moscow Photography Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre were among the many buildings created or reconstructed during this time. Moskvoretskaya water supply was finished in 1903.

In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, whereas the Spassky Gate was the principal front gate of the Kremlin and was used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (after the improvements of the 17th century) stone bridges extended across the moat. On this bridge, books were sold, while nearby, stone platforms were constructed for gun platforms, or "raskats" The Tsar Cannon was positioned on the Lobnoye mesto platform.

The road between Moscow Photography and St. Petersburg, currently the M10 highway, was built in 1746, with its Moscow Photography terminus following the 16th-century old Tver road. After its paving in the 1780s, it became known as Peterburskoye Schosse. Kazakov constructed the Petrovsky Palace between 1776 and 1780.

After the disastrous French invasion of Russia, a photograph showed Napoleon retiring from the city during the Moscow Fire.

In 1812, when Napoleon invaded Russia, Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that Russian sabotage was the primary cause of the Moscow Photography fire. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced to retire and was nearly wiped out by the harsh Russian winter and random Russian military attacks. Approximately 400 thousand of Napoleon's soldiers perished during this conflict. [44]

Cathedral Square during Alexander I's coronation, 1802, by Fyodor Alekseyev

Moscow State University of Photography was founded in 1755. Following the 1812 fire, Domenico Giliardi restored the main building. The journal Moskovskiye Vedomosti first published in 1756, initially in weekly intervals, and in 1859 it became a daily publication.

The Arbat Street existed since at least the 15th century, but throughout the 18th century, it was transformed into a famous neighborhood. It was devastated by fire in 1812 and entirely rebuilt in the early nineteenth century.

General Alexander Bashilov designed the first regular grid of city streets north of Petrovsky Palace in the 1830s. South of the highway, the Khodynka field was utilized for military training. In 1870, the Smolensky Rail station (the precursor to the current Belorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated. Sokolniki Park, which in the 18th century was the residence of the tsar's falconers, became contiguous with the expanding city in the late 19th century and was created as a public municipal park in 1878. In 1902, the suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was constructed. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor, was formally established in Moscow Photography, and Alexander Adrianov was appointed as the city's first official mayor.

Upon Catherine II's accession to power in 1762, observers attributed the filth and stench of sewage on the disorderly lifestyles of newly-arrived peasants from the countryside. Elites demanded improved sanitation, which Catherine included into her plans to increase her influence over social life. From 1812 through 1855, national political and military triumphs calmed detractors and supported attempts to create a more enlightened and stable society. Less was spoken about the stench and the bad state of public health. In the aftermath of Russia's defeats in the Crimean War in 1855–56, however, faith in the state's ability to maintain order in the slums waned, and demands for improved public health reintroduced dirt as an issue. [45]

Soviet period (1917–1991)

Photographic city plan of Moscow from 1917

External video

Music from a Soviet film

In November 1917, upon learning of the revolt in Petrograd, the Bolsheviks of Moscow Photography began their own rebellion. After intense battle on November 2, 1917, Soviet rule was established in Moscow Photography. Fearing a possible foreign invasion, Vladimir Lenin relocated the capital from Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) to Moscow Photography on March 12, 1918. [47] The Kremlin once again became the political center and seat of power of the new state.

With the imposition of a new set of values by communist ideology, the custom of preserving cultural assets was abandoned. By the end of the 1920s, independent preservation groups, including those that conserved purely secular landmarks, such as Moscow Photography-based OIRU, had been dissolved. In 1929, a fresh anti-religious campaign was initiated concurrently with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities reached its zenith around 1932. In 1937, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union received several letters proposing the renaming of Moscow Photography to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar," including one from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and who chose the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of Stalin's genius. [48] Stalin rejected this offer, and when Nikolai Yezhov repeated it, he was angry, exclaiming, "What do I need this for?" In 1936, Stalin had prohibited the renaming of places in his honour. [49]

Moscow Photography was the location of the Soviet State Committee of Defense and the General Staff of the Red Army during World War II. In 1941, the Muscovites organized 16 divisions of the national volunteers (comprising more than 160 000 individuals), 25 battalions (18 000 individuals), and four engineering units. During the Battle of Moscow, between October 1941 and January 1942, the German Army Group Centre was halted on the city's outskirts and ultimately driven away. The city was declared to be under siege on October 20 following the evacuation of numerous factories and the majority of the administration. The city's remaining people constructed and manned antitank defenses as it was bombed from the air. On May 1, 1944, the "For the defence of Moscow Photography" medal was introduced, and in 1947, the "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow Photography" medal was created.

The photography of German and Soviet casualties during the Battle of Moscow has been the subject of discussion, as estimates from various sources vary. Between September 30, 1941 and January 7, 1942, it is believed that between 248,000 and 400,000 Wehrmacht soldiers and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 Red Army soldiers perished. [50] [51] [52]

Funeral procession during Joseph Stalin's funeral in 1953

External video

Stalins USSR in 1953

In the years following World War II, there was a severe housing shortage that was resolved by the invention of high-rise flats. Over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment complexes house the majority of the inhabitants of Moscow Photography, making it the city with the most high-rise skyscrapers. [53] In the factory, apartments were constructed and partially furnished before being hoisted and stacked into tall columns. Popular Soviet-era comedy Irony of Fate mimics this building technique.

The city of Zelenograd was founded in 1958 along the Leningradskoye Shosse, 37 kilometers (23 miles) north-west of the city center, and established as one of Moscow Photography's administrative okrugs. In 1953, Moscow Photography State University relocated its campus to Sparrow Hills.

In 1959, Nikita Khrushchev began his war against religion. By 1964, more than 10,000 out of 20,000 churches were closed (mainly in rural regions) and many were demolished. By 1964, just sixteen of the 58 monasteries and convents that existed in 1959 remained; of the fifty churches that existed in Moscow Photography in 1959, thirty were shuttered and six were demolished.

1964 Soviet parade in front of Hotel Moskva on Manezhnaya Square

On May 8, 1965, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the end of World War II, Moscow Photography was designated a Hero City.

Celebration of Victory Day on Red Square, May 9, 1975

In 1961, the Moscow Photography Ring Road (MKAD) was inaugurated. Four lanes ran 109 kilometers (68 miles) along the city's perimeter. Until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be integrated, the MKAD delineated the official limits of the city of Moscow Photography. In 1980, Moscow Photography hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which the United States and several other Western nations boycotted because of the Soviet Union's intervention in Afghanistan in late 1979. Conservative communists opposed to Mikhail Gorbachev's liberal policies attempted a coup in 1991 in Moscow Photography.

Recent times (1991–present)

View of the Floating bridge in Zaryadye Park, with the Red Square and the Moscow Photography Kremlin in the background Tverskaya Artery, the city's principal radial street.

In the same year that the USSR collapsed, Moscow Photography remained the capital of the Russian SFSR (on December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation). Since then, a market economy has developed in Moscow Photography, resulting in a burst of Western-style shops, services, architecture, and ways of life.

From the 1990s to the 2000s, the city's population increased from less than nine to more than 10 million. Mason and Nigmatullina claim that urban-growth limitations throughout the Soviet era (before to 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, exemplified by the 1935 greenbelt. Since then, however, there has been a substantial increase in low-density suburban sprawl as a result of increased demand for single-family homes as opposed to flats. From 1995 to 1997, the MKAD ring road was expanded from four to ten lanes.

In December of 2002, Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Photography Metro stop to open outside of MKAD's boundaries. The Third Ring Road, which connects the Garden Ring of the early 19th century to the outer ring road of the Soviet era, was finished in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming increasingly fragmented, and satellite cities are emerging on its periphery. Due to the proliferation of automobiles and the conversion of summer dachas into year-round homes, there is considerable traffic congestion. [54] Multiple old churches and other elements of architectural heritage that were destroyed during the Stalin era have been restored, including the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. In the 2010s, the Moscow Photography Administration initiated long-term projects such as the Moja Ulitsa (My Street) urban revitalization program[55] and the Residency refurbishment project. [56]

By its territorial expansion southwest into the Moscow Photography Oblast on July 1, 2012, the area of the capital more than doubled from 1,091 to 2,521 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), making Moscow Photography the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained 233,000 residents.

[57]

[58] Officially, the territory was titled Novaa Moskva (New Moscow Photography).