Tokyo Photography
Photography of Tokyo in Digital Format
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Tokyo Photography (/tokio/; Japanese:, Tky, [tokjo] (listen)), officially the Tokyo Photography Metropolis (, Tky-to), is the capital of Japan and its most populated city. Formerly known as Edo WFphoto.biz, its metropolitan area (13,452 square kilometers or 5,194 square miles) has an estimated 37.468 million inhabitants as of 2018;[9] the city proper has a population of 13.99 million. The prefecture is located at the head of Tokyo Photography Bay and is part of the Kant region on the central coast of Japan's main island, Honshu. Tokyo serves as the economic heart of Japan and is the home of both the Japanese government and the Emperor.
Edo, formerly a fishing village, rose to political prominence in 1603 when it became the Tokugawa shogunate's seat. By the middle of the 18th century, Edo was one of the world's most populated cities, with a population of over one million. After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the imperial capital was relocated from Kyoto to Edo, which was dubbed "Tokyo Photography" (literally "Eastern Capital"). The Great Kant Earthquake of 1923 and Allied bombing strikes during World War II wreaked havoc on the photography industry in Tokyo. Beginning in the 1950s, the city enjoyed a period of fast renovation and expansion, eventually leading the Japanese economic miracle. Since 1943, the Tokyo Photography Metropolitan Government has overseen the 23 special wards (previously Tokyo Photography City), several commuter towns and suburbs in the prefecture's western region, and two island chains known as the Tokyo Photography Islands.
The Globalization and World Cities Research Network classifies Tokyo Photography as an Alpha+ city, as it has the world's second-largest urban economy by gross domestic output, following New York City. As part of an industrial zone that encompasses the cities of Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba, it is also Japan's top business centre. As of 2021, Tokyo Photography is home to 37 Fortune Global 500 enterprises. [10] The city rated fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index in 2020, trailing only New York, London, and Shanghai. [11] The Tokyo Photography Skytree is the world's highest tower, while the Metropolitan Area Outer Subterranean Discharge Channel is the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility (located in Kasukabe, Saitama, a suburb of Tokyo Photography). [13] The Ginza Line of the Tokyo Metro is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia, having debuted in 1927. [14] Tokyo Photography, regarded as one of the most livable cities in the world, tied for fourth place with Wellington in the 2021 Global Livability Ranking. [15]
Multiple international events have been staged in the city, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and 1964 Summer Paralympics, the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics (delayed; held in 2021), and three G7 summits (in 1979, 1986, and 1993). In addition to being an international research and development powerhouse, Tokyo Photography is also home to a number of prestigious universities, most notably the University of Tokyo Photography. Shinjuku Station in Tokyo Photography is also the world's busiest train station. Tokyo Photography Station is the key hub for Japan's high-speed railway network, the Shinkansen. Chiyoda, the location of the National Diet Building and the Tokyo Photography Imperial Palace; Shinjuku, the city's administrative heart; and Shibuya, a commercial, cultural, and business hub, are notable special wards of Tokyo Photography.
Etymology Photographic Techniques
Tokyo Photography was formerly known as Edo (), which is a kanji composite of (e, "cove, inlet") and (do, "photography") (to, "entrance, gate, door").
[16] The name, which translates to "estuary" refers to the site of the old village at the confluence of the Sumida River and Tokyo Photography Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the city's name was changed to Tokyo (, from t "east" and ky "capital"), when it became the new imperial capital,[17] in accordance with the East Asian custom of including the word capital () in the name of the capital city (such as Kyoto (), Keij (), Beijing (), Nanjing (), and Xijing ()). During the early Meiji period, the city was occasionally referred to as "Tōkei" which is a kanji homograph for the same characters that express "Tokyo Photography" Some official English records that have survived employ the spelling "Tokei";[18] however, this pronunciation is no longer used. [19]
Pre-1869 Tokyo Photographic Art (Edo period)
Tokyo Photography was previously a village known as Edo, which was a part of the ancient Musashi Province. Edo was was fortified in the late eleventh century by the Edo clan. ta Dkan built Edo Castle in 1457. Tokugawa Ieyasu relocated from Mikawa Province, his lifetime home, to the Kant area in 1590. In 1603, when he became shgun, Edo became the heart of his rule. During the ensuing Edo period, Edo became one of the world's greatest cities, surpassing one million inhabitants by the 18th century. [20]
Edo remained the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate and was not Japan's capital city (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto almost continuously from 794 to 1868).
[21] During the Edo period, the city had an extended period of calm known as the Pax Tokugawa. In the context of such tranquillity, the shogunate implemented a strict policy of isolation, which contributed to the city's absence of a significant military danger. The absence of war-caused destruction enabled Edo to dedicate the majority of its resources to reconstruction in the aftermath of frequent fires, earthquakes, and other destructive natural catastrophes.
The advent of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853, however, brought an end to this lengthy era of isolation. Perry compelled the opening of the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, resulting in a spike in the demand for new foreign commodities and a sharp rise in prices. [23] As a result of these higher costs, social unrest escalated, culminating in massive rebellions and demonstrations, particularly the "smashing" of rice enterprises. [24] Yoshinobu, the final shgun of the Tokugawa shogunate, was deposed in 1867 by allies of the Emperor, who used the disruption caused by these widespread rebellious demonstrations to strengthen their control. [25] Pax Tokugawa came to a close after 265 years.
Gallery Edo Castle, 17th century The expedition of Commodore Matthew Perry and his first landing in Japan in 1853 Famous Edo Places 1858 photograph of Yamanote (top), Nihonbashi (middle), and Shitamachi (bottom)
Suruga Boulevard with Mount Fuji as illustrated by Hiroshige (1856)
1869–1943
Main articles: City of Tokyo Photography and Prefecture of Tokyo Photography (1868–1943)
On September 3, 1868, as the new administration was gaining authority following the overthrow of the Edo shogunate, Edo was renamed Tokyo Photography (Eastern Capital). In 1869, the young Emperor Meiji moved in after a visit at the end of that year. The emperor's residence transformed Tokyo Photography the de facto imperial capital, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The official founding of the city of Tokyo Photography occurred on May 1, 1889.
The Tokyo Photographic Collection The section of the Metro Ginza Line between Ueno and Asakusa was the first subway line completed in Japan and East Asia on December 30, 1927. [14] Central Tokyo Photography, like Osaka, was planned around 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density manner; hence, suburban railways were constructed very inexpensively at street level and on their own right-of-way. Despite the construction of expressways in Tokyo Photography, the fundamental layout has not changed. (Reference needed)
Tokyo Photography endured two significant disasters in the 20th century: the Great Kant Earthquake of 1923, which caused 140,000 deaths or disappearances, and World War II.
[27]
Photography of the Chuo-dori terraces in Ginza, Tokyo, from the 1870s
Aerial image of the Sumida River in Tokyo with Tait-ku (west) and Sumida-ku (east) in the 1930s
Nihonbashi during the Great Kanto Quake on September 1, 1923
The Ginza district in 1933
On December 30, 1927, Tokyo Photography Underground, the first underground train in the Orient, opened.
Principal article: Bombing of Tokyo Images
In 1943, the city of Tokyo Photography and the Tokyo Photography prefecture combined to establish the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo Photography. Since then, the Tokyo Photography Metropolitan Government has acted as both the Tokyo Photography prefectural government and the Tokyo Photography special wards administration for what was formerly Tokyo Photography City. As a result of frequent Allied air strikes on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs, most of the city was severely damaged during World War II. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have resulted in the deaths of 75,000 to 200,000 civilians and the destruction of more than half the city. [28]
The worst night of the war was on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid;[29] during which almost 700,000 incendiary bombs were dropped on the eastern half of the city, primarily in densely populated residential districts. Two-fifths of the city was entirely destroyed by fire, more than 276,000 buildings were destroyed, 100,000 citizens were killed, and an additional 110,000 were injured. [30] [31] Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city decreased from 6,700,000 to fewer than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes residing in "ramshackle, makeshift huts" [32]
Gallery The 1945 Bombing of Tokyo Photographs
Photograph showing the aftermath of the bombing of Tokyo, March 1945
Nihonbashi in 1946 1945 till the present
After the war, the United States under Douglas MacArthur ruled Japan for six years from the Tokyo Photography base. Tokyo Photography failed to recover as occupation authorities dramatically scaled back Japanese government reconstruction initiatives and shifted their attention to improving highways and transportation. Prior to the 1950s, Tokyo Photography did not see rapid economic expansion.
After the conclusion of Japan's occupation in 1952, Tokyo Photography was totally reconstructed and presented to the world for the 1964 Summer Olympics. In the 1970s and 1980s, additional high-rise buildings were constructed. In 1978, Sunshine 60 – the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985 and in Japan until 1991[34] – and Narita International Airport were built, and the metropolitan population surged to approximately 11 million. [35] The Edo-Tokyo Photography Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese structures that existed in the pre-war Tokyo Photography urban landscape.
As more people migrated to the neighborhood, the Tokyo Photography metro and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world[36]. Real estate prices rose in the 1980s due to a real estate and loan bubble. In the early 1990s, the bubble burst, and many companies, banks, and individuals were left with mortgage-backed obligations as the value of real estate declined. Following a severe recession, the 1990s became Japan's "Lost Decade"[37], from which it is now slowly recovering.
Tokyo Photography continues to capture emerging urban projects on vast tracts of less lucrative land. Ebisu Garden Place, Tennzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Photography Station are examples of recent initiatives. Significant structures have been removed to make way for more modern shopping centers, such as Omotesando Hills. [38]
In addition, land reclamation work in Tokyo have been ongoing for centuries. The most notable is the Odaiba district, which is now a major shopping and entertainment district. Diverse plans[39] for shifting national government activities from Tokyo Photography to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan have been proposed in order to curb Tokyo Photography's rapid expansion and rejuvenate Japan's economically lagging regions. These plans have generated controversy[40] in Japan and have not yet been implemented.
Tokyo Photography was affected by the 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami that ravaged parts of the northeastern coast of Honshu. However, as a result of the city's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, the damage in Tokyo Photography relatively minimal compared to regions immediately affected by the tsunami[41], despite the fact that the city's activities was mostly suspended. [42] Despite intermittent surges in radiation levels, the subsequent nuclear crisis induced by the tsunami had little effect on Tokyo Photography. [43] [44]
The IOC picked Tokyo Photography to host the 2020 Summer Olympics on September 7, 2013. Thus, Tokyo became the first city in Asia to hold the Olympic Games twice. [45] As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, the Olympic Games of 2020 were held from July 23 to August 8, 2021. In addition, it is uncertain how the city would address the growing number of concerns, prompting researchers to propose alternate solutions to the most pressing problems. [46] Although COVID-19 has delayed the expansion of numerous companies, the Japanese real estate market has not yet been badly affected. Real estate in Japan has become one of the safest investments for international investors. [47]
The Greater Tokyo Photography Area will have over 38 million persons by the year 2020, making it the largest metropolitan area in the world.
Gallery Tokyo Photography Tower, constructed in 1958 Yoyogi National Gymnasium, constructed for the Summer Olympics of 1964
Sunshine 60, with a height of 239.7 meters (786 feet), was the tallest building in Asia until 1985 and in Japan until 1991.
Geography and administration
Main article: Photography Metropolitan Government in Tokyo
The ESA Sentinel-2 satellite captured this image of Tokyo in 2018
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building for Photography
The mainland portion of Tokyo Photography is located to the northwest of Tokyo Photography Bay and stretches around 90 kilometers (56 miles) east to west and 25 kilometers (16 miles) north to south. The average altitude in Tokyo Photography is forty meters (131 ft). It is bordered to the east by Chiba Prefecture, to the west by Yamanashi, to the south by Kanagawa, and to the north by Saitama. Mainland Tokyo Photography is broken further into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area () extending westward. With a latitude of 35.65 (around the 36th parallel north), Tokyo Photography is more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41), New York City (40.71), and Beijing (39.91). [49]
Within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Photography Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean, more than 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) from the mainland: the Izu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo Photography's overall population density estimates grossly underestimate the actual population density of its urban and suburban areas. [50] According to Japanese legislation, the prefecture of Tokyo Photography is classified as a to (), or metropolitan area. Tokyo Photography Prefecture is the most populous and most densely populated prefecture, with 6,100 residents per square kilometer (16,000/sq mi); it is the third-smallest prefecture by land area, behind only Osaka and Kagawa. Its administrative organization is comparable to that of other prefectures in Japan. The 23 special wards (, tokubetsu-ku), which until 1943 comprised the city of Tokyo Photography, are autonomous municipalities with their own mayor, council, and city authority.
In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo Photography consists of 26 other cities ( -shi), five towns ( -ch or machi), and eight villages ( -son or -mura), each with its own municipal administration. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government manages the whole metropolitan area, including the 23 special districts and cities that comprise the prefecture. It is led by a governor and metropolitan assembly elected by the public. Its main office is located in Shinjuku Ward.
Municipal Photographic Services
See additionally: Population list of cities in the Tokyo Photography Metropolis
A map featuring a green Nishi-Tama District
An Izu Islands map with black labels
A map of the Ogasawara Islands labeled in black
Since 2001, Tokyo has comprised 62 municipalities, including 23 special wards, 26 cities, 5 towns, and 8 villages. Each municipality in Japan has a directly elected mayor and assembly, each elected on four-year cycles that are independent of one another. 23 of Tokyo Photography's municipalities span the territory that was Tokyo Photography City prior to World War II, 30 remain in the Tama area (former North Tama, West Tama, and South Tama districts), and 9 are located on Tokyo Photography's outer islands.
The area formerly known as Tokyo Photography City comprises the special wards (, tokubetsu-ku) of Tokyo Photography. The special wards utilize the word "city" in their official English names (e.g. Chiyoda City), but their administrative connection with the prefectural administration is distinct from that of other cities. The Tokyo Photography Metropolitan Government is responsible for a variety of municipal services, including waterworks, sewage, and firefighting. To cover the increased administrative expenses, the prefecture collects municipal taxes that would otherwise be imposed by the municipality. The "three central wards" of Tokyo Photography — Chiyoda, Ch, and Minato – are the city's business hub, with a daytime population seven times more than their nighttime population. [53] Chiyoda Ward is peculiar in that it is situated in the center of the former Tokyo Photography City, yet it is one of the least populous wards. It is also the seat of the national government and the Japanese monarch, as well as being inhabited by numerous significant Japanese corporations. It is frequently referred to as the "political center" of the nation. [54] Chiyoda is also home to the otaku culture center and computer goods shopping district of Akihabara.
§ To the west of the special wards, the Tokyo Photography Metropolis is made up of cities, towns, and villages with the same legal standing as those in the rest of Japan. In addition to functioning as "bed towns" for those who work in central Tokyo Photography, some of them, such as Tachikawa, have a local business and industrial backbone. These are collectively known as the Tama region or Western Tokyo photography. Nishi-Tama is a district (gun) located far to the west of the Tama region. This region is predominantly mountainous and unfit for urbanization. Mount Kumotori stands 2,017 m (6,617 ft) tall; additional mountains in Tokyo Photography include Takanosu (1,737 m (5,699 ft)), Odake (1,266 m (4,154 ft), and Mitake (929 m (3,050 ft) Lake Okutama, located on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is the largest lake in Tokyo Photography. Three towns (Hinode, Mizuho, and Okutama) and one village make up the district (Hinohara). As part of its intentions to move urban functions away from central Tokyo Photography, the Tokyo Photography Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiji, Tachikawa, Machida, me, and Tama New Town as regional hubs for the Tama area.
§ Tokyo Photography has various islands that are as far away as 1,850 kilometers (1,150 miles) from the city center. Due to their distance from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government's administrative headquarters in Shinjuku, the islands are administered by subprefectural branch offices. The Izu Islands are a collection of volcanic islands that are part of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from nearest to Tokyo Photography are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands consist of three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. Six villages comprise the remaining islands, with Niijima and Shikinejima being one village. From north to south, the Ogasawara Islands consist of Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also controls two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point of Japan and, at 1,850 kilometers (1,150 miles), the island farthest from the center of Tokyo Photography, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point of Japan. China and South Korea oppose Japan's claim to an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima because they view Okinotorishima as inhospitable rocks with no EEZ. [57] The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent inhabitants, but are home to members of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. There are only local populations on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands constitute both Ogasawara Subprefecture and Ogasawara Village, Tokyo Photography.
