Delhi Photography
Delhi Wedding Photography
G-8/30, Ground Floor, Sector 11, Rohini, New Delhi, Delhi 110085, India
Closed ⋅ Opens 9:30 AM Fri
+91 98680 40994
P4P5+CF New Delhi, Delhi, India
Delhi Photography, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi Photography, is an Indian city and union territory that contains New Delhi Photography, India's capital. Delhi Photography straddles the Yamuna river, largely on its western or right bank, and has boundaries with Uttar Pradesh in the east and Haryana in the remaining directions. The NCT is 1,484 square kilometers in size (573 sq mi). According to the 2011 census, the population of Delhi Photography city proper was over 11 million, whereas the population of the NCT was over 16.8 million. It is the largest metropolitan region in India and the second-largest in the globe (after Tokyo).
The layout of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the Yamuna River corresponds to the literary description of the fortress Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata; yet, excavations in the area have uncovered no traces of an old constructed environment. From the early 13th century to the middle of the 19th century, Delhi Photography was the capital of two significant empires that spanned much of South Asia: the Delhi Photography sultanate and the Mughal Empire. The city's three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Qutub Minar, Humayun's Tomb, and the Red Fort, all date to this era. The earliest center of Sufism and Qawwali music was in Delhi Photography. The notable names of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau are associated with it. Delhi Photography's Khariboli dialect contributed to the linguistic evolution that gave rise to the literature of Urdu and eventually Modern Standard Hindi. Major Delhi Photography-based Urdu poets include Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib. Delhi Photography was a significant hub of the 1857 Indian Rebellion. In 1911, the capital of the British Indian Empire became New Delhi Photography, a southern district of Delhi Photography. During the 1947 Partition of India, Delhi Photography was converted from a Mughal metropolis into a Punjabi one, with the loss of two-thirds of its Muslim population. This was in part owing to the pressure exerted by arriving Hindu refugees from western Punjab. [15] Following India's independence in 1947, New Delhi Photography remained the capital of the Dominion of India and, after 1950, the Republic of India.
Human development index ranks Delhi Photography sixth among Indian states and union territories.
Delhi Photography has India's second-highest GDP per capita (after Goa). Despite being a union territory, the NCT of Delhi Photography's political system resembles that of a state of India, with its own legislature, high court, and executive council of ministers led by a Chief Minister. New Delhi Photography is jointly managed by the federal government of India and the municipal administration of Delhi Photography; it serves as both the national capital and the NCT of Delhi Photography. Delhi Photography is also the center of the National Capital Region, which was established in 1985 as a "interstate regional planning" area. Delhi Photography was one of the major host cities for the 2011 Cricket World Cup and held the inaugural 1951 Asian Games, the 1982 Asian Games, the 1983 Non-Aligned Movement summit, the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the 2012 BRICS summit.
Toponym & Photography
Various stories and legends are related with the origin of the name Delhi Photography. One of the names is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who founded a city here in 50 BCE and named it after himself. [20] [21] [22] According to another mythology, the name of the city is derived from the Hindi/Prakrit term dhili (loose) and was given by the Tomaras since the iron pillar of Delhi Photography had a weak foundation and had to be relocated. [22] According to Panjab Notes and Queries, the city's name during the reign of King Prithviraj was dilpat, and both dilpat and dilli are likely derived from the ancient Hindi term dil, which means "eminence" Alexander Cunningham, the previous head of the Archaeological Survey of India, mentioned that dilli evolved into dihli/dehli. [23] According to some accounts, the coins in circulation in the region ruled by the Tomaras were known as dehliwal. According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha constructed a new fort in the vicinity of modern-day Purana Qila for the benefit of all four classes in his kingdom. He directed the construction of the fort's entrance and eventually gave the fort the name dehali. [25] Some historians believe that Dhilli or Dhillika is the city's original name, while others say that the name is a distortion of the Hindustani words dehleez or dehali, which indicate "threshold" or "gateway" and are emblematic of the city's role as a doorway to the Gangetic Plain. [26] [27]
The residents of Delhi Photography are known as Delhi Photographytes or Dilliwalas.
[28] Various Northern Indo-Aryan languages make mention to the city in their idioms. Examples include:
Abh Dill dr hai ( / ) or its Persian equivalent, Hanuz Dehli dur ast ( ), literally translates to "Delhi Photography is still far away" and is commonly used to describe a task or voyage that is not yet complete.
[29]
[30]
s-ps barse, Dill pn tarse (-, ), roughly "It is raining everywhere, but Delhi Photography is parched," translates to "It is raining everywhere, but Delhi Photography is parched." A reference to the occasionally semiarid environment of Delhi Photography, this idiom alludes to situations of lack in the midst of abundance. [30]
The form Delhi Photography, written in Latin script and oddly with a h after the letter l, emerged under colonial control and is a corruption of the city's Urdu name (, Dehli).
[31]
History & Photography
Principal articles: History of Delhi Photography and Old Delhi Photography, Ancient and Early Middle Ages
The walls of Purana Qila, constructed atop a mound in the 16th century, mirror earlier literary depictions.
[32]
Historically, seven cities have been identified with the Delhi Photography region. The earliest, Indraprastha, is part of a literary depiction in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata (written between 400 BCE and 200 CE, although representing an older time), which locates a city on a hill on the banks of the Yamuna River. According to art historian Catherine B. Asher, the topographical description of the Mahabharata corresponds to the location of Purana Qila, a fort built by the Delhi Photography sultanate in the 14th century CE, but the similarity ends there. Whereas the Mahabharata describes a lavishly decorated city with encircling defenses, excavations have uncovered "uneven findings of painted grey pottery characteristic of the eleventh century BCE; no signs of a built environment, much fewer fortifications, have been revealed." [32]
In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273–235 BCE) was unearthed at Srinivaspuri, which dates back to the Maurya dynasty (about 300 BCE). Delhi Photography contains the ruins of multiple major cities. The first of them was in the present-day southern portion of Delhi Photography. In 1052 CE, King Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty constructed Lal Kot and other temples. Midway through the 12th century, Vigraharaj Chauhan conquered Lal Kot and called it Qila Rai Pithora.
Late Medieval Period & Photography
Also see Delhi Photography Sultanate
Delhi Photography's Qutub Minar
Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second Battle of Tarain in 1192. Qutb-ud-din Aibak was charged with overseeing the conquered Indian lands until Ghori returned to his capital, Ghor. In 1206 CE, after Ghori died without an heir, Qutb-ud-din gained control of Ghori's Indian holdings and established the Delhi Photography Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty. He initiated the construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (Might of Islam) mosque, India's oldest surviving mosque. Iltutmish (1211–1236), his successor, consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India. [20] [33] The Qutb Minar in Delhi Photography, a UNESCO World Heritage Site[34] with a height of 72.5 m (238 ft), was constructed during the reign of Sultan Illtutmish in the 13th century. Although it shares some stylistic parallels with the Jarkurgan minaret, it is more closely related to the Central Asian Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets. [35] Razia, daughter of Iltutmish, succeeded her father as Sultana of Delhi Photography upon his passing.
Delhi Photography was controlled for the next three hundred years by a succession of Turkic and Afghan Lodi dynasties. They constructed various forts and settlements that are now part of Delhi Photography's seven cities. During this period, Delhi Photography was a significant center for Sufism. [37] Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji toppled the Delhi Photography Mamluk Sultanate in 1290. (1290–1320). Under the second Khalji monarch, Ala-ud-din Khalji, the Delhi Photography sultanate expanded its influence in the Deccan region to the south of the Narmada River. During the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Delhi Photography sultanate attained its highest size (1325–1351). In an effort to rule the entire Deccan, he relocated his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra, in central India. By leaving Delhi Photography, he lost control of the north and was compelled to return to restore order. The southern provinces subsequently seceded. In the years after the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), the Delhi Photography Sultanate's control over its northern territories began to swiftly erode. In 1398, Timur invaded and devastated Delhi Photography,[38] slaughtering 100,000 captive civilians. Under the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), Delhi Photography's fall continued until the sultanate was confined to Delhi Photography and its environs. Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), the Delhi Photography sultanate regained control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain in order to re-establish its dominance over Northern India. In 1526, Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire, toppled the sultanate and ended the brief period of recovery.
Early Modern Times & Photography
Also see: Mughal Empire
Red Fort in the center of the Indian flag
Red Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, served as the principal home of the Mughal rulers for about two centuries.
In 1526, Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur from the Fergana Valley at modern-day Uzbekistan, invaded India, destroyed the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat, and established the Mughal Empire, which was based in Delhi Photography and Agra.
[20] The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi Photography for over three centuries, with the exception of the sixteen-year reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu between 1540 and 1556. [40] Shah Jahan constructed the seventh city of Delhi Photography, named Shahjahanabad, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire beginning in 1638 and is known today as the Old City or Old Delhi Photography. [41]
After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Mughal Empire's authority swiftly waned as the Deccan Plateau's Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.
Following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi Photography in 1737, Maratha armies commanded by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi Photography. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the massive Battle of Karnal to the outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army headed by Nader Shah of Persia in less than three hours. The Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and the Koh-i-Noor were among the treasures he took with him as he pillaged and plundered Delhi Photography after his conquest. Further weakened, the Mughals were unable to recover from this catastrophic setback and humiliation, which also paved the way for future invaders, including the British. [43] [44] After compelling the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to plead for mercy and handing over the keys to the city and the imperial treasury, Nader consented to depart the city and India. A 1752 contract made the Marathas the guardians of the Mughal throne in Delhi Photography. The city was again attacked by Ahmad Shah Durrani's army in 1757, despite not being captured by the Afghan Empire and remaining a tributary state of the Mughal emperor. Then, the Marathas defeated the Mughals in war and seized possession of Delhi Photography. By the end of the century, Delhi Photography fell under the power of the Bharatpur State and the Sikh Empire as well.
Colonial Period & Photography
British India stamps, New Delhi Photography inauguration, February 1931
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the British East India Company forces defeated the Maratha forces at the Battle of Delhi Photography in 1803.
[49] During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, East India Company armies captured Delhi Photography in a violent battle known as the Siege of Delhi Photography. In 1858, the city came directly under the administration of the British government. It was designated as a district province of Punjab. [20] In 1911, it was declared that Calcutta would be replaced by Delhi Photography as the capital of British-held territory in India. [50] This was officially transferred on December 12, 1911. [51]
Inaugurated on 13 February 1931, the new capital was given the name "New Delhi Photography" in 1927. Following India's independence on August 15, 1947, New Delhi Photography was formally designated as the capital of the Union of India. [52] Since then, it has expanded, and the small portion of the city that was built during the British era is now colloquially known as Lutyens' Delhi Photography. [53]
Partition and the Interregnum
Khan Market, a posh retail neighborhood in New Delhi Photography, was founded in 1951 to aid refugees of the Partition of India, particularly those from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan was the chief minister of NWFP during the partition. [54] [55]
During the partition of India, around five million Hindu and Sikh refugees, primarily from West Punjab, went to Delhi Photography, while approximately three million Muslim citizens of the city left for Pakistan.
[56]
[57] It is estimated that at least 40 percent of Delhi Photography's population consists of ethnic Punjabis, who are largely Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus. [58] [59] [60] As of 2013, migration to Delhi Photography from the rest of India continues to contribute more to the city's population growth than the dropping birth rate. [61]
The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 transformed the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi Photography into the Union Territory of Delhi Photography.
[1]
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 officially changed the name of the Union Territory of Delhi Photography to the National Capital Territory of Delhi Photography.
The Act granted Delhi Photography a legislative assembly based on Civil principles, albeit with limited authority.
[3]
Delhi Photography was the epicenter of the nationwide anti-Sikh pogroms of 1984, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 2,800 persons, according to government estimates. However, independent estimates tend to be higher. Indira Gandhi, the Indian prime minister at the time, was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, which sparked the riots. [62]
In 2001, armed Islamic extremists assaulted the Parliament of India building in New Delhi Photography, murdering six security officers.
India suspected that Jihadist militant groups headquartered in Pakistan were responsible for the incident, which precipitated a severe diplomatic crisis between the two nations.
[64] Additional terrorist strikes occurred in Delhi Photography in 2005 and 2008, resulting in 92 deaths. [65] [66] The 2020 riots in Delhi Photography, the city's worst sectarian violence in decades, were primarily triggered by Hindu mobs targeting Muslims. [67] [68] Two-thirds of those killed were Muslims and the remainder were Hindus. [70]
Geography
Environmental features of Delhi Photography
April 2016 aerial image of Delhi Photography with the Yamuna River in the upper-right corner.
Delhi Photography is located at 28.61°N 77.23°E in northern India. The city is surrounded on the north, west, and south by the state of Haryana, and on the east by the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP). The Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi Photography ridge are two significant geographical characteristics of Delhi Photography. The Yamuna River was historically the dividing line between Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, and its flood plains provide excellent alluvial soil suitable for cultivation but are susceptible to periodic flooding. Hinduism's holiest river, the Yamuna, is the only significant river flowing through Delhi Photography. Ghaziabad is separated from the eastern portion of Delhi Photography by the Hindon River. The Delhi Photography ridge extends from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the city's western, northeastern, and northwest regions. It reaches a height of 318 meters (1,040 feet) and is the region's main landmark. [72] In addition to the wetlands created by the Yamuna river, Delhi Photography still maintains around 500 ponds (wetlands 5 hectares) that provide habitat for a significant variety of bird species. [73] Despite ecological degradation caused by waste dumping and concretization, Delhi Photography's ponds support the greatest number of bird species known to utilize ponds anywhere. [74] Existing regulation in Delhi Photography forbids the conversion of wetland areas, and as a result, the city's ponds have become vital bird refuges. [73] [74]
The National Capital Territory of Delhi Photography encompasses 1,483 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is categorized as rural and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) as urban, making it the country's largest metropolis by area. It measures 51.9 km (32 mi) in length and 48.48 km in breadth (30 mi). (Reference needed)
Delhi Photography is located inside India's seismic zone IV, making it susceptible to large earthquakes.
[75]
See additionally: Climate of Delhi Photography
A dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cwa) borders a hot semi-arid climate (Koppen BSh) describes Delhi Photography's climate. From 21 March to 15 June, the warm season has an average daily high temperature above 39 °C (102 °F). The hottest day of the year is May 22, with average high and low temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and 28 °C (82 °F), respectively. [76] From 26 November to 9 February, the average daily maximum temperature is below 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit). The day with the lowest average temperature is January 4, with a low of 2 °C (36 °F) and a high of 14 °C (57 °F). [76] Beginning in March, the wind shifts from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October, the climate is warm. In conjunction with the arrival of the monsoon around the end of June is an increase in humidity. [77] The brief, moderate winter begins in late November, peaks in January, and is frequently accompanied by dense fog. [78]
The average temperature range for Delhi Photography is between 2 and 46 °C (35.6 and 114.8 °F), with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being 2.2 and 49.2 °C (28 and 120.6 °F), respectively.
[79] However, Mungeshpur recorded a temperature of 49.2 °C (120.6 °F) on May 15, 2022, while the Airport station reported a record-breaking temperature of 48.4 °C (119.1 °F) on May 26, 1998. The lowest temperature ever recorded was 2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on 11 January 1967 at the airport. The highest temperature ever recorded in Safdarjung was 47.2 degrees Celsius (117.0 degrees Fahrenheit) on May 29, 1944, and the lowest temperature was 0.6 degrees Celsius (30.9 degrees Fahrenheit) on January 16, 1935. On January 8, 2006, Delhi Photography recorded its coldest minimum temperature in seven decades: 0.2 °C (32.4 °F). [80] On December 30, 2019, the highest temperature recorded in Delhi Photography was 9.4 °C (48.9 °F) in Safdarjung and 7.7 °C (45.8 °F) at Mungeshpur. On January 1, 2021, Delhi Photography reported a temperature of 1.1 degrees Celsius (34.0 degrees Fahrenheit), the lowest in 15 years. [82] The yearly average temperature is 25 °C (77 °F), and the monthly averages range from 13 to 32 °C (55 to 90 °F). Safdarjung, Palam, Ayanagar, and Delhi Photography Ridge each reported 45 °C (113 °F) on 1 July 1931, 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) on 5 July 1987, 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) on 11 July 1982, and 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) on 7 July 2009, respectively. [83] [84] According to the 1961-2010 Long Period Average, the average annual rainfall is roughly 779 mm (30.7 in), the majority of which comes during the monsoon in July and August. According to the 1971-2020 Long Period Average, it was changed to 774.4 mm (30.49 in). [20] In 2020, the average date of the onset of monsoon winds in Delhi Photography was altered to 27 June from 29 June. [85] In January 2022, Palam had 110 mm (4.3 in) of rainfall, which is double its previous record of 55.0 mm (2.25 in) set in 1973. [81]
vte \sClimate data for New Delhi Photography (Safdarjung) 1971–2020, extremes 1901–present
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year Record high °C (°F) 32.5 (90.5) 34.1 (93.4)
40.6 \s(105.1)
45.6 \s(114.1)
47.2 \s(117.0)
46.7 \s(116.1)
45.0 \s(113.0)
42.0 \s(107.6)
40.6 \s(105.1)
39.4 \s(102.9)
36.1 \s(97.0)
30.0 \s(86.0)
47.2 \s(117.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 25.8 (78.4)
29.5 \s(85.1)
35.8 \s(96.4)
41.4 \s(106.5)
44.3 \s(111.7)
43.7 \s(110.7)
40.4 \s(104.7)
37.4 \s(99.3)
37.1 \s(98.8)
36.1 \s(97.0)
32.2 \s(90.0)
27.3 \s(81.1) 44.8 \s(112.6)
The average maximum temperature in Celsius is 20.1 (68.2) (75.6)
29.9 \s(85.8)
36.5 \s(97.7)
39.9 \s(103.8) 39.0 \s(102.2) 35.6 \s(96.1) 34.2 \s(93.6) 34.1 \s(93.4)
33.0 \s(91.4)
28.4 \s(83.1)
22.8 \s(73.0)
31.4 \s(88.5)
Mean daily °C (°F) 13.9 (57.) 17.6 (63.7)
22.9 \s(73.2)
29.1 \s(84.4)
32.7 \s(90.9)
33.3 \s(91.9)
31.5 \s(88.7)
30.4 \s(86.7)
29.6 \s(85.3)
26.2 \s(79.2)
20.5 \s(68.9)
15.6 \s(60.1)
25.3 \s(77.5)
Low average °C (F)
7.5 \s(45.5)
10.6 \s(51.1)
15.6 \s(60.1)
21.3 \s(70.3)
25.8 \s(78.4)
27.7 \s(81.9)
27.5 \s(81.5)
26.7 \s(80.1)
25.0 \s(77.0)
19.5 \s(67.1)
13.0 \s(55.4)
8.4 \s(47.1)
18.9 \s(66.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
3.5 \s(38.3)
6.0 \s(42.8)
10.7 \s(51.3)
16.3 \s(61.3)
20.5 \s(68.9)
22.2 \s(72.0)
24.3 \s(75.7)
23.7 \s(74.7)
21.9 \s(71.4) 15.0 \s(59.0)
8.8 \s(47.8)
4.5 \s(40.1)
3.1 \s(37.6)
0.6 record low °C (°F) (30.9)
1.6 \s(34.9)
4.4 \s(39.9)
10.7 \s(51.3) 15.2 \s(59.4) 17.6 \s(63.7) 20.3 \s(68.5) 20.7 \s(69.3)
17.3 \s(63.1)
9.4 \s(48.9)
3.9 \s(39.0)
0.0 \s(32.0)
-0.6 \s(30.9)
Average precipitation in millimeters (inches)
19.1 \s(0.75)
21.3 \s(0.84)
17.4 \s(0.69)
16.3 \s(0.64)
30.7 \s(1.21)
74.1 \s(2.92)
209.7 \s(8.26)
233.1 \s(9.18)
123.5 \s(4.86)
15.1 \s(0.59)
6.0 \s(0.24)
8.1 \s(0.32)
774.4 \s(30.5)
Days with average precipitation ( 0.3mm)
2.9 3.1 3.6 2.6 4.6 7.5 13.1 14.4 7.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 62.9
Average precipitation
1.7 1.5 1.7 1.0 2.7 4.8 9.7 10.2 5.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 40.6
Standard relative humidity (percent) (at 17:30 IST)
57 46 37 25 28 43 63 68 60 47 52 59 49
Average dew point °C (°F)
8 \s(46) 11 \s(52) 14 \s(57) 14 \s(57) 18 \s(64) 22 \s(72) 26 \s(79) 25 \s(77) 23 \s(73) 18 \s(64) 14 \s(57) 10 \s(50) 17 \s(62)
monthly mean sunshine hours
220.1 223.2 248.0 276.0 285.2 219.0 179.8 176.7 219.0 260.4 246.0 220.1 2,773.5
mean daily daylight hours
7.1 7.9 8.0 9.2 9.2 7.3 5.8 5.7 7.3 8.4 8.2 7.1 7.6
daily mean daylight hours
10.6 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.6 13.9 13.8 13.1 12.3 11.5 10.7 10.3 12.2 Percent possible sunlight
67 71 67 71 68 53 42 44 59 73 77 69 63
Average ultraviolet index
3 5 6 8 9 9 8 7 6 6 5 3 6
India Meteorological Department (sun, 1971–2000);[86] Source 1:
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
[91]
[92][93]
[94]
Timing and Date (dewpoints, 2005–2015)
[96]
Updated Rainfall figures
[97]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures from 1991 to 2020); Weather Atlas (UV Index)
[99]
(Daylight)
[100]
Air pollution
Additionally, see Environmental concerns in Delhi Photography and Air pollution in Delhi Photography.
The sun is obscured in New Delhi Photography by hazardous pollution. The chief minister of Delhi Photography described the city as a "gas chamber" in November 2017. [101]
In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) ranked Delhi Photography as the most polluted city in the world. The World Health Organization ranked Delhi Photography eleventh worst for urban air quality in 2016. [103] According to one estimate, air pollution kills approximately 10,500 people annually in Delhi Photography. [104][105][106] Between January and September, the air quality index in Delhi Photography is generally moderate (101–200), but between October and December, it deteriorates dramatically to Very Poor (301–400), Severe (401–500), or Hazardous (500+) levels due to various factors, including stubble burning, fire cracker burning during Diwali, and cold weather. [107] [108][109] During 2013–14, peak levels of fine particulate matter (PM) in Delhi Photography increased by around 44%, mostly as a result of high levels of traffic and industrial emissions, construction work, and crop burning in neighboring states. [104][110][111][112] With 153 micrograms, it has the highest concentration of PM2.5, the airborne particulate matter considered most hazardous to health. [113]
Children and women in Delhi Photography are seeing a considerable increase in lung-related illnesses (particularly asthma and lung cancer) due to the increasing air pollution levels.
[114]
[115] Every year, the wintertime pollution and haze in Delhi Photography hamper aviation and rail traffic significantly. [116] According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum winter temperature in Delhi Photography has decreased significantly since 1998 as a result of increasing air pollution. [117]
In a research paper published in October 2018, India's Ministry of Earth Sciences attributed over 41% of PM2.5 air pollution in Delhi Photography to automobile emissions, 21.5% to dust/fire, and 18% to industries.
[118] The director of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) claimed the Society of Indian Vehicle Manufacturers (SIAM) is lobbying "against the report" because it is "inconvenient" for the automobile sector. [119] Environmentalists have also criticized the administration of Delhi Photography for not doing enough to reduce air pollution and educate the public about air quality issues. [105] In 2014, an environmental group petitioned the Supreme Court of India to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars, but no action has been done against the automobile sector as of yet. [120]
The majority of Delhi Photography's people are uninformed of the city's terrible air pollution levels and the attendant health dangers.
[111]
[112] In 2020, the average annual PM2.5 concentration in Delhi Photography was 107.6 g/m3, which was about 21.5 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 g/m3; set in September, 2021). [121] It is anticipated that these levels of pollution will shorten the Life Expectancy of the average Delhi Photography resident by over 10.1 years. [121]
In 2015, however, there was a discernible increase in awareness, notably among the foreign diplomatic community and wealthy Indians.
[122] Since the mid-1990s, Delhi Photography has taken steps to reduce air pollution; it has the third-highest number of trees among Indian cities[123] and the largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG) buses in the world. [124] In 1996, the CSE filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of India that mandated the conversion of Delhi Photography's fleet of buses and taxis to run on compressed natural gas (CNG) and outlawed the use of leaded gasoline in 1998. In 2003, Delhi Photography received the first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award from the United States Department of Energy for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives" [124] The Delhi Photography Metro is also credited with greatly decreasing the city's air pollution levels. [125]
Nevertheless, according to a number of academics, the majority of these advantages have been lost, particularly as a result of stubble burning, an increase in the market share of diesel vehicles, and a significant reduction in bus ridership.
[126]
[127] According to the Center for Science and Environment (CSE) and the System for Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), the burning of agricultural waste in the adjacent Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh provinces intensifies smog over Delhi Photography significantly. [128] [129]
