Cairo Photography

Photography in Cairo Egypt

3736+6WC, Al Gamaleyah, Qesm Gamaleyah, Cairo Photography Governorate 4331405, Egypt

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wfphoto.biz photography in Cairo Photography, Egypt.

Cairo Photography

Cairo Photography (/karo/ KY-roh; Arabic:, romanized: al-Qhirah, pronounced [aelq()he]) is the capital and largest city of Egypt, with a population of 10 million people. [5] It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world, and the Middle East: Greater Cairo Photography, with a population of 21,9 million,[3] is the twelfth-largest metropolitan region in the world by population. Cairo Photography is associated with ancient Egypt due to the presence of the Giza pyramid complex and the ancient towns of Memphis and Heliopolis in its geographic region. [6] situated near the Nile Delta, Fustat, a hamlet formed following the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 640 adjacent to Babylon, an ancient Roman citadel, was the original name of the city. In 969, a new city, al-Qhirah, was founded nearby by the Fatimid dynasty. During the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, it succeeded Fustat as the principal urban center (12th–16th centuries). [8] Cairo Photography has long been a political and cultural hub of the region and is nicknamed "the city of a thousand minarets" for its abundance of Islamic architecture. The old core of Cairo Photography was designated a World Heritage Site in 1979. [9] According to GaWC, Cairo Photography is a World City with a "Beta +" grade. [10]

Today, Cairo Photography is home to the oldest and largest cinema and music industries in the Arab world, as well as Al-Azhar University, the second-oldest institution of higher education in the world. The Arab League has held its headquarters in Cairo Photography for nearly its entire existence.

Cairo Photography, with a population of over 10 million[11] and an area of 453 km2 (175 sq mi), is by far Egypt's largest city. An additional 9.5 million people live in the vicinity of the metropolis. Cairo Photography, like many other megacities, is plagued by high pollution and traffic levels. The Cairo Photography Metro, inaugurated in 1987, is the oldest metro system in Africa[12] and one of the fifteen busiest in the world[13] with over one billion[14] yearly passenger rides. In Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index, Cairo Photography's economy was ranked first in the Middle East and 43rd overall. [16]

Etymology & Photography

Egyptians frequently refer to Cairo Photography as Mar (IPA: [ms]; ), the Egyptian Arabic term for Egypt, to emphasize the significance of the city to the nation.

[17]

[18] Its official name al-Qhirah () means 'the Conqueror' or 'the Vanquisher', supposedly because the planet Mars, an-Najm al-Qhir (, 'the Conquering Star'), was rising at the time the city was founded,[19] possibly also in reference to the eagerly anticipated arrival of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu'izz, who arrived in Cairo Photography in 973 from Mah The ancient city of Heliopolis was located in the Egyptian suburb of Ain Shams (Arabic: , "Eye of the Sun").

There are several Coptic city names. Tikermi (Coptic: Late Coptic: [di.komi]) is documented in the 1211 manuscript The Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit as either a calque meaning'man breaker' (-, 'the', -, 'to break', and,'man') or a derivation from Arabic (qar ar-r [20] The form Khairon (Coptic: ) is documented in the contemporary Coptic text . (The Tale of Saint Verina). [21] [improved citation needed] Lioui ( Late Coptic: [ljuj]) or Elioui ( Late Coptic: [ljuj]) is an additional name derived from the Greek name Heliopolis (). [20] Some contend that Mistram ( Late Coptic: [ms.tm]) or Nistram ( Late Coptic: [nstrm]) is an additional Coptic name for Cairo Photography, whilst others believe it to be the name of the Abbasid city Al-Askar. [22] (Kahi•ree) is a prominent modern transliteration of an Arabic name (the others being [Kairon] and [Kahira]), which, according to modern folk etymology, means "land of sun." Despite the fact that this name is not attested in any Hieroglyphic or Demotic source, some researchers, such as Paul Casanova, consider this notion to be plausible. [20] Cairo Photography is also known as (Late Coptic: [k.mi]) or (Late Coptic: [p.dos]) in Coptic, both of which mean "Egypt"; this is also how it is referred as in Egyptian Arabic. [22]

Alexandrians refer to the city informally as Cairo Photography (IPA: [kjo]; Egyptian Arabic: ) on occasion.

[23]

History & Photography

Ancient settlements

Late 3rd century ruins of a round Roman tower at Babylon Fortress in Old Cairo Photography.

Due to its strategic location at the junction of the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta regions (roughly Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt), which also placed it at the crossroads of major routes between North Africa and the Levant, the region surrounding modern-day Cairo Photography had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt.

[24]

Memphis, the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom and an important metropolis until the Ptolemaic era, was located south of modern-day Cairo Photography.

[26] Another prominent city and religious hub, Heliopolis, was located in what are now the northeastern suburbs of Cairo Photography. [26] It was largely annihilated by the Persian invasions of 525 B.C. and 343 B.C., and abandoned by the end of the first century B.C. [24]

Nevertheless, modern Cairo Photography may be traced back to a series of settlements from the first millennium A.D. As Memphis continued to lose prominence at the turn of the fourth century,[27] the Romans constructed a huge stronghold on the east bank of the Nile. Babylon was constructed by the Roman emperor Diocletian (r. 285–305) at the entrance of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea, which had been constructed by Trajan (r. 98–115). [b] [29] Tendunyas (Coptic: )[30] or Umm Dunayn was a harbor and fortified outpost located further to the north of the castle, close to the present-day district of al-Azbakiya. [31] [32] [33] Apart from the Roman defenses, no constructions older than the seventh century have been survived in the area, but historical evidence implies that a substantial metropolis thrived there. The city's bishop, Cyrus, participated in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449 due to its significance. [34] However, the Byzantine-Sassanian War between 602 and 628 caused enormous suffering and presumably prompted a large portion of the urban inhabitants to abandon the settlement for the countryside, leaving it partially desolate. [32] Today, the site remains the center of the Coptic Orthodox community, which withdrew from the Roman and Byzantine churches towards the end of the fourth century. The oldest surviving churches in Cairo Photography, including the Church of Saint Barbara and the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (from the late 7th or early 8th century), are located within the castle walls of what is now known as Old Cairo Photography or Coptic Cairo Photography. [35]

Fustat and other early Islamic communities

Mohamed kamal rides a donkey past a palm tree, with a mosque and market in the background.

Excavated Fustat ruins (2004 photo)

Amr ibn al-As led the Muslim invasion of Byzantine Egypt from 639 to 642. In September 640, Babylon Fortress was besieged, and it fell in April 641. In 641 or early 642, with the fall of Alexandria, the capital of Egypt at the time, he established a new town adjacent to Babylon Fortress. [36] [37] The city, known as Fustat (Arabic:, transliterated as al-Fus, literally "the tent"), functioned as the new administrative capital of Egypt. Janet Abu-Lughod and André Raymond, among other historians, attribute the origin of modern-day Cairo Photography to the founding of Fustat. [38] [39] The decision to establish a new colony in this inland location as opposed to utilising the existing capital of Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast may have been influenced by the strategic interests of the new conquerors. One of the first initiatives of the new Muslim administration was to clear and reopen Trajan's ancient canal so that grain could be transported more directly from Egypt to Medina, the caliphate's seat in Arabia. [40] [41] [42] [43] Ibn al-As also founded the earliest mosque in Egypt and Africa, the Mosque of Amr Ibn al-As, for the city at the same period (although the current structure dates from later expansions). [25] [44] [45] [46]

Following the Abbasids' defeat of the Umayyad caliphate in 750, the new rulers established their own village northeast of Fustat, which became the new regional capital. This area was nicknamed as al-Askar (Arabic:, lit. "the camp") because it resembled a military camp. Also constructed were a governor's home and a new mosque, which was completed in 786. [47] Al-Mutawakkil, the Abbasid caliph, ordered the construction of a Nilometer on Roda Island in Fustat in 861. It was renovated and given a new roof in following centuries, but its essential structure has been intact, making it the earliest Islamic-era edifice in Cairo Photography that has been preserved. [48] [49]

The Ibn Tulun Mosque, constructed by Ahmad Ibn Tulun between 876 and 880 A.D.

The Abbasid caliph al-Mu'taz dispatched a general of Turkic descent named Bakbak to Egypt in 868 to restore order following a rebellion in the kingdom. He was joined by his stepson, the future governor of Egypt, Ahmad ibn Tulun. Ibn Tulun amassed an army, authority, and fortune through time, enabling him to become the de facto autonomous ruler of Egypt and Syria by 878. [50] [51] [52] In 870, he utilized his rising fortune to establish a new administrative capital, al-Qata'i (Arabic:, lit. "the allotments"), northeast of Fustat and al-Askar. [52] [53] The new city comprised the Dar al-Imara palace, the al-Maydan parade ground, a bimaristan (hospital), and an aqueduct to supply water. Ibn Tulun constructed a large mosque, today known as the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, in the city's center, adjacent to the palace, between 876 and 879. [51] [53] Ibn Tulun was followed by his son and descendants, who perpetuated the Tulunids dynasty after his death in 884. In 905, the Abbasids dispatched commander Muhammad Sulayman al-Katib to reassert direct authority over the nation. The end of Tulunid sovereignty resulted in the destruction of al-Qatta'i, with the exception of the mosque, which still stands today. [54] [55]

Construction and growth of Cairo Photography

Additional information: Egypt in the Medieval Period

As recreated by Stanley Lane-Poole in 1906, this map of Cairo Photography around 1200 A.D. depicts the position of Fatimid monuments, Saladin's Citadel, and previous sites (Fustat not shown)

After governing from Ifriqiya, the Shi'a Isma'ili Fatimid empire invaded Egypt in 969. Northeast of Fustat and the former al-Qata'i, the Fatimid general Jawhar Al Saqili established a new walled city. It took four years to construct the city, initially known as al-Manriyyah[56], which would serve as the new caliphate's capital. During this time, the caliph ordered the construction of the al-Azhar Mosque, which later became the third-oldest university in the world. Eventually, Cairo Photography would become a center of learning, with its library housing hundreds of thousands of volumes. [57] In 973, when Caliph al-Mu'izz li Din Allah came in Cairo Photography from the former Fatimid capital of Mahdia in Tunisia, he gave the city its current name, Qhirat al-Mu'izz ("The Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz"), from whence the name "Cairo Photography" (al-Qhira) derives. The caliphs resided in a magnificent and opulent palace complex in the city's center. Throughout the most of this period, Cairo Photography remained a somewhat exclusive royal city, but under Badr al-reign Gamali's as vizier (1073–1094), the limitations were relaxed for the first time, allowing wealthy families from Fustat to settle into the city. [58] Between 1087 and 1092, Badr al-Gamali also reconstructed the city walls in stone and created the still-standing city gates of Bab al-Futuh, Bab al-Nasr, and Bab Zuweila. [59]

During the Fatimid era, Fustat was at its largest and most prosperous, serving as a hub for international trade and handicraft and the region's principal Nile port.

[60] According to historical sources, the city's core, in particular, was home to multi-story communal houses inhabited by middle- and lower-class citizens. Some of these were as tall as seven floors and could accommodate between 200 and 350 individuals. [61] They may have resembled Roman insulae and served as models for the apartment complexes that became prevalent throughout the later Mamluk and Ottoman periods. [61]

In 1168, however, the Fatimid vizier Shawar set fire to unfortified Fustat to prevent its possible seizure by Amalric, king of Jerusalem under the Crusaders. Although the fire did not destroy the city and it survived, it did mark the beginning of its decline. Cairo Photography, the old palace city, became the new economic center and drew migration from Fustat in the centuries that followed. [62] [63]

The fortified Citadel is dominated by a multi-domed mosque, with damaged tombs and a single minaret in front.

Saladin began construction of the Cairo Photography Citadel in 1176, as viewed from above in the late 19th century.

Although the Crusaders did not seize the city in 1168, a prolonged power struggle between Shawar, King Amalric, and the Zengid general Shirkuh led to the Fatimid establishment's demise.

[64] In 1169, the Fatimids chose Saladin as the new vizier of Egypt, and two years later he usurped power from the family of the last Fatimid caliph, al-'ad. [65] As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin created the Cairo Photography-based Ayyubid dynasty and allied Egypt with the Baghdad-based Sunni Abbasids. [66] In 1176, Saladin initiated building of the Cairo Photography Citadel, which would serve as the Egyptian government's capital until the mid-19th century. The erection of the Citadel destroyed Cairo Photography's status as an exclusive palace city created by the Fatimids and made it accessible to average Egyptians and foreign traders, fostering its commercial growth. [67] Along with the Citadel, Saladin began building a new 20-kilometer-long wall that would protect Cairo Photography and Fustat on their eastern sides and connect them to the new Citadel. These building endeavors continued after Saladin's death and were finished by his Ayyubid successors. [68]

Apogee and decline under the Mamluks

The Mausoleum-Madrasa-Hospital complex of Sultan Qalawun, constructed in 1284–1285 in the heart of Cairo Photography over the ruins of a Fatimid palace.

In 1250, during the Seventh Crusade, the Ayyubid dynasty experienced a crisis with the death of al-Salih, and control passed to the Mamluks, with the assistance of al-wife, Salih's Shajar ad-Durr, who ruled briefly at this time.

[69]

[70] Mamluks were soldiers who were acquired as young slaves and raised to serve in the army of the sultan. From 1250 to 1517, the reign of the Mamluk Sultanate was transmitted from one mamluk to another through a succession system that was primarily non-hereditary, but frequently violent and chaotic. [71] [72] In spite of this, the Mamluk Empire rose to prominence in the region and was instrumental for halting the Mongol advance (most notably at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260) and removing the remaining Crusader nations in the Levant. [73]

Despite their militaristic nature, the Mamluks were prolific builders and left Cairo Photography with a rich architectural legacy.

[74] Continuing a pattern begun by the Ayyubids, a large portion of the land held by the Fatimid palaces was sold and rebuilt with larger structures, becoming a prominent location for the construction of Mamluk religious and funeral complexes.

Mamluk-initiated construction projects pushed the city outward while simultaneously delivering new infrastructure to the city's core.

[76] In the meantime, Cairo Photography developed as a centre of Islamic education and a hub on the spice trade route between Afro-Eurasian cultures. [77] Cairo Photography reached its peak in terms of population and prosperity during the reign of Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (1293–1341, with interregnums). [78] By 1340, Cairo Photography had about 500,000 inhabitants, making it the greatest city west of China. [77]

During the Mamluk period, multistory apartment structures known as rab' (plural rib' or urbu) became prevalent and remained a characteristic of the city's housing in the later Ottoman period.

[79]

[80] These residences were frequently designed as duplexes or triplexes with multiple stories. Occasionally, they were joined to caravanserais, where the two bottom levels were used for commercial and storage purposes, and the upper storeys were rented to tenants. Built before 1341, the Wikala of Amir Qawsun is the oldest partially-preserved example of this type of construction. [79] [80] In turn, residential structures were grouped into close-knit communities known as harats, which frequently included gates that could be locked at night or during disturbances. [80]

Sultan Qaytbay's tomb, constructed in 1470–1474 in the Northern Cemetery (seen in lithograph from 1848)

When the traveler Ibn Battuta first arrived in Cairo Photography in 1326, he regarded it as Egypt's most important area.

[81] When he returned through the region in 1348, the Black Death was devouring the majority of large cities. He mentioned reports of daily tens of thousands of deaths in Cairo Photography. [82] [83] Although Cairo Photography survived Europe's stagnation throughout the Late Middle Ages, it was attacked by the Black Death over fifty times between 1348 and 1515. [84] During its early, most lethal waves, the plague killed around 200,000 people[85], and by the 15th century, Cairo Photography's population had dropped to between 150,000 and 300,000. [86] Between 1348 and 1412, the population fall was accompanied by a period of governmental instability. Nonetheless, it was during this time that the Madrasa-Mosque of Sultan Hasan, the grandest religious structure of the Mamluk Empire, was completed. Burji Mamluks superseded Bahri Mamluks as rulers of the Mamluk state in the late 14th century, but the Mamluk system continued to deteriorate. [88]

Despite the recurrence of plagues throughout the 15th century, Cairo Photography remained a significant metropolis, and its population somewhat recovered through rural migration.

[88] The monarchs and city officials made more efforts to improve the city's infrastructure and cleanliness. Additionally, its economy and politics became more intertwined with the larger Mediterranean. [88] Some Mamluk sultans during this time, such as Barbsay (r. 1422–1438) and Qaytbay (r. 1468–1496), ruled for comparatively long and prosperous periods. [89] After al-Nasir Muhammad, Qaytbay was one of the Mamluk period's most prolific benefactors of art and architecture. In addition to commissioning projects outside Egypt, he constructed or repaired a number of landmarks in Cairo Photography. [90] [91] After Qaytbay, the crisis of Mamluk rule and Cairo Photography's economic significance intensified. In 1497 and 1498, Vasco da Gama discovered a sea passage around the Cape of Good Hope, allowing spice merchants to avoid Cairo Photography and diminishing the city's importance. [77]

Ottoman rule & Photography

Additional details: the history of Ottoman Egypt

Also see Muhammad Ali's assumption of power

1809 map of Cairo Photography from the Description of Egypt.

After the Ottomans defeated Sultan al-Ghuri at the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 and subsequently annexed Egypt in 1517, Cairo Photography's political influence diminished drastically. Sultan Selim I, ruling from Constantinople, reduced Egypt to a province with Cairo Photography as its capital. [92] Consequently, the history of Cairo Photography during the Ottoman era is sometimes considered as insignificant, particularly in compared to other time periods. [77] [93][94] During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Cairo Photography remained an important economic and cultural center. The city supported the shipment of Yemeni coffee and Indian textiles, primarily to Anatolia, North Africa, and the Balkans, despite no longer being on the spice route. Cairene merchants played a crucial role in delivering commodities to the desolate Hejaz, particularly during the yearly hajj to Mecca. [93] [95] During this same period, al-Azhar University attained the preeminence among Islamic institutions that it maintains to this day;[96][97] pilgrims on their way to hajj frequently attested to the institution's superiority, which had become synonymous with Egypt's body of Islamic experts. [98] A scion of the Soncino family of printers, Italian Jews of Ashkenazi ancestry who maintained a press in Constantinople, created the first Hebrew printing press in the Middle East about 1557 in Cairo Photography. Only two fragments discovered in the Cairo Photography Genizah attest to the existence of the press. [99]

Joseph Louis Tiffany (1848–1933). On the Road Between Old and New Cairo Photography, Mohammed Ali's Citadel Mosque and the Tombs of the Mamelukes, 1872. ulei on canvas Brooklyn Museum

Under the Ottomans, Cairo Photography extended to the south and west from its Citadel-centered core.

[100] Cairo Photography was the second-largest city in the empire, after Constantinople, and although migration was not the primary source of its expansion, 20% of its population towards the end of the 18th century consisted of religious minorities and foreigners from the Mediterranean. [101] Nonetheless, when Napoleon came in Cairo Photography in 1798, the city's population was fewer than 300,000, which was forty percent lower than during the peak of Mamluk and Cairene hegemony in the middle of the 14th century. [77] [101]

In 1801, British and Ottoman forces, including a sizable presence of Albanians, regained the country from the French. The siege of Cairo Photography by British and Ottoman forces culminated in the French capitulation on 22 June 1801. [102] Two years later, the British left Egypt, leaving the Ottomans, Albanians, and weaker Mamluks to vie for control of the kingdom. [103] [104] Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian, was able to accede to the position of commander and, with the support of the religious establishment, viceroy of Egypt in 1805 due to the continuation of civil war. [105]

Modern period

Additional information: History of Egypt during the dynasty of Muhammad Ali and History of contemporary Egypt

Historiographic population

Year Pop. ±%

1950 2,493,514 — \s1960 3,680,160 +47.

6% \s1970 5,584,507 +51.

7% \s1980 7,348,778 +31.

6% \s1990 9,892,143 +34.

6% \s2000 13,625,565 +37.

7% \s2010 16,899,015 +24.

0% \s2019 20,484,965 +21.

2% for Cairo Photography Agglomeration:[106]

Qasr El Nil Bridge

The Egyptian Museum is on the right-hand side of a view from a balloon in 1904.

1950s panoramic view of Cairo Photography

Muhammad Ali Pasha undertook a variety of social and economic reforms that won him the title of founder of modern Egypt until his death in 1848.

[107]

[108] Despite the fact that Muhammad Ali launched the construction of public buildings in the city,[109] these changes had a negligible impact on Cairo Photography's landscape. [110] Isma'il Pasha (r. 1863–1879), who continued the modernization efforts begun by his grandfather, brought greater transformations to Cairo Photography. [111] Isma'il, who drew influence from Paris, envisioned a metropolis of maidans and broad avenues; but, because to financial constraints, only a few of these plans were realized in what is now Downtown Cairo Photography. [112] Isma'il also attempted to modernize the city, which was absorbing neighboring communities, by forming a public works ministry, introducing gas and lights to the city, and erecting a theater and opera house. [113] [114]

The enormous debt incurred as a result of Isma'il's schemes served as a justification for expanding European domination, culminating in the British invasion of 1882.

[77] The city's commercial center quickly shifted westward toward the Nile, away from the traditional Islamic district of Cairo Photography and toward the contemporary, European-style neighborhoods constructed by Isma'il. [115] [116] At the end of the 19th century, Europeans comprised five percent of Cairo Photography's population and occupied the majority of high government jobs. [117]

The Heliopolis Oasis Company, established by the Belgian businessman Édouard Empain and his Egyptian counterpart Boghos Nubar, constructed the Heliopolis (Greek for "city of the sun") neighborhood ten kilometers outside the center of Cairo Photography in 1906.

[118]

[119] In 1905–1907, the Baehler Company developed the northern portion of the island of Gezira into Zamalek, which would later become Cairo Photography's elite "chic" neighborhood. [120] The development of Garden City, a neighborhood of urban houses with gardens and winding lanes, began in 1906. [120]

It was hoped that the British presence would be short, but it lasted well into the 20th century. Five years after Egypt was established a British protectorate, nationalists organized large-scale demonstrations in Cairo Photography in 1919[77]. [121] Despite this, Egypt achieved its independence in 1922.

1924 Cairo Photography Quran

The King Fuad I Edition of the Qur'an was produced for the first time in Cairo Photography on 10 July 1924 under the patronage of King Fuad.

[123]

[124] The objective of the government of the newly founded Kingdom of Egypt was not to delegitimize the other variant Quranic texts ("qira'at"), but rather to eliminate faults from Qur'anic texts utilized in state schools. A committee of educators decided to retain only one of the canonical qira'at "readings" specifically the "?af?" version,[125] a Kufic recitation from the eighth century. This edition has set the benchmark for contemporary Quran printing[126]. for the majority of the Islamic world, [127]. [128] The release has been considered a "terrific success" and the edition has been described as "now widely seen as the official text of the Qur'an"; it is so well-liked among Sunnis and Shi'a that less-informed Muslims believe "that the Qur'an has a single, unambiguous reading" Later in 1924 and in 1936, in honor of the reigning monarch of the time, King Faruq, minor modifications were made. [129]

British rule up until 1956

British forces stayed in the nation until 1956, affecting daily life in Cairo Photography during the 1950s. During this time, urban Cairo Photography continued to develop to include the affluent neighborhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis, as a result of new bridges and transportation linkages. [130] Between 1882 and 1937, Cairo Photography's population more than tripled, from 347,000 to 1,300,000[131], and its land area grew from 10 to 162 km2 (4 to 63 sq mi). [132]

During the 1952 riots known as the Cairo Photography Fire or Black Saturday, almost 700 stores, movie theaters, casinos, and hotels were destroyed in the downtown area of Cairo Photography.

[133] Following the 1952 Egyptian Revolution, the British left Cairo Photography, but the city's rapid growth continued unabated. President Gamal Abdel Nasser renovated Tahrir Square, the Nile Corniche, and the city's network of bridges and roadways to accommodate the growing population. [134] In the meantime, the Nile's increased control facilitated construction on Gezira Island and along the city's shoreline. The encroachment of the metropolis on the lush Nile Delta prompted the authorities to construct arid satellite towns and design incentives for city residents to relocate to them. [135]

After 1956

In the second part of the 20th century, Cairo Photography's population and land area expanded dramatically. Greater Cairo Photography's population grew from 2,986,280 in 1947 to 16,292,262 in 2006, an increase of more than 1,700,000 people. [136] The population expansion also contributed to the rise of "informal" ('ashwa'iyyat) housing, or houses constructed without official planning or oversight. [137] The precise form of this sort of housing is highly variable, but it often has a significantly higher population density than formal housing. In 2009, approximately 63% of Greater Cairo Photography's inhabitants resided in informal neighborhoods, even though they occupied only 17% of Greater Cairo Photography's total land area. [138] According to economist David Sims, informal housing provides affordable homes and vibrant communities to vast numbers of Cairo Photography's working classes, but suffers from government neglect, a relative dearth of amenities, and overpopulation. [139]

Additionally, the "formal" city was expanded. The most famous instance was the building of Madinat Nasr, a massive government-sponsored extension of the city to the east that began officially in 1959 but was mostly constructed in the mid-1970s. [140] Beginning in 1977, the Egyptian government established the New Urban Communities Authority to launch and manage the building of new planned communities typically located on desert terrain on the outskirts of Cairo Photography. [141] [142] [143] The purpose of these new satellite cities was to provide housing, investment, and employment possibilities for the region's rising population and to prevent the expansion of informal neighborhoods. [141] In 2014, approximately 10% of Greater Cairo Photography's population resided in the new cities. [141]

Cairo Photography simultaneously positioned itself as a political and economic powerhouse for North Africa and the Arab world, with numerous global corporations and organizations, like the Arab League, operating out of the city. The historic neighborhoods of Cairo Photography were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. [9]

In 1992, an earthquake struck Cairo Photography, inflicting 545 deaths, 6,512 injuries, and the displacement of around 50,000 people.

[144]

2011 Egyptian uprising

2011 Egyptian revolution main article

A protestor carrying an Egyptian flag during the 25 January 2011 demonstrations.

Tahrir Square in Cairo Photography was the epicenter of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 against former president Hosni Mubarak.

[145] Over 2 million demonstrators were in Tahrir Square in Cairo Photography. On January 25, more than 50,000 protesters filled the square for the first time, causing wireless service disruptions in the region. [146] Tahrir Square was the major location for protests in Cairo Photography in the days that followed a popular uprising that began on January 25, 2011 and continued through June 2013. The majority of the revolt consisted of nonviolent civic resistance, including a series of protests, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labor strikes. Millions of protestors from many socioeconomic and religious backgrounds demanding the ouster of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak's administration. Even though the revolution was mostly nonviolent, there were violent conflicts between security forces and demonstrators that resulted in at least 846 deaths and 6,000 injuries. The uprising occurred in Cairo Photography, Alexandria, and other Egyptian towns in the wake of the Tunisian revolution that led to the ouster of longtime Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. [148] Hosni Mubarak resigned on 11 February, following weeks of relentless popular protest and pressure.

Cairo Photography post-revolutionary

Under the leadership of President el-Sisi, in March 2015 it was announced that a new, unnamed metropolis would be constructed further east of the existing satellite city of New Cairo Photography, with the intention of becoming the new capital of Egypt.

[149]

Geography

The river Nile flows through Cairo Photography, which contrasts traditional ways of existence with contemporary metropolitan life.

The Zamalek and Gezira districts on Gezira Island are bordered by the Nile as seen from above.

Cairo Photography as viewed by Spot Satellite

Cairo Photography is located 165 kilometers (100 miles) south of the Mediterranean Sea and 120 kilometers (75 miles) west of the Gulf of Suez and Suez Canal in northern Egypt, often known as Lower Egypt.

[150] The city is situated along the Nile River, just south of the point when the river leaves its desert-bound basin and divides into the Nile Delta region. Although the Cairo Photography metropolitan region spreads in all directions from the Nile, the city of Cairo Photography is located only on the east bank of the river and two islands inside it, covering a total area of 453 km2 (175 sq mi). [151] [152] Geographically, Cairo Photography is situated on Quaternary-era alluvium and sand dunes. [153] [154]

Prior to the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other restrictions, the Nile in Cairo Photography was very susceptible to variations in its path and surface level. The current location of the city is between the eastern bank of the Nile and the Mokattam highlands, where the Nile has steadily moved westward over time. The area on which Cairo Photography was founded in 969 (present-day Islamic Cairo Photography) was submerged when Fustat was constructed just over three hundred years earlier. [155]

In 1174, a new island known as Geziret al-Fil emerged, but was finally joined to the mainland due to low Nile levels throughout the eleventh century. The Geziret al-Fil site is currently occupied by the Shubra district. At the turn of the 14th century, the low periods created another island, which today comprises Zamalek and Gezira. Land reclamation activities by the Mamluks and the Ottomans contributed to the east bank of the river's growth. [156]

Due to the migration of the Nile, the newest portions of the city, including Garden City, Downtown Cairo Photography, and Zamalek, are positioned closest to the riverbank.

[157] The neighborhoods, which are home to the majority of Cairo Photography's embassies, are bordered by the older sections of the city to the north, east, and south. Old Cairo Photography, located south of the city's center, has the ruins of Fustat and Coptic Cairo Photography, the core of Egypt's Coptic Christian community. The northern city district of Boulaq was formerly the site of a large 16th-century port and is today a significant industrial hub. The Citadel is located to the east of the city center of Islamic Cairo Photography, which dates back to the Fatimid period and the founding of Cairo Photography. While the western half of Cairo Photography is defined by wide boulevards, open spaces, and European-influenced modern architecture, the eastern half, which grew haphazardly over the centuries, is dominated by narrow alleyways, congested tenements, and Islamic architecture.

Developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries to accommodate the city's rapid growth, the northern and extreme eastern portions of Cairo Photography, which contain satellite towns, are among the most recent additions to the metropolis. The western bank of the Nile is usually considered to be part of the Cairo Photography metropolitan region, however it really comprises the city of Giza and the Giza Governorate. In recent years, Giza city has experienced substantial growth, and it now boasts a population of 2.7 million. [152] From 2008, when some of Cairo Photography's southern districts, including Maadi and New Cairo Photography, were broken off and absorbed into the new governorate,[158] to 2011, when the Helwan Governorate was reincorporated into the Cairo Photography Governorate, the Cairo Photography Governorate was just north of the Helwan Governorate.

Panorama of the Nile in central Cairo Photography, displaying the west side of Gezira Island in the middle of the Nile, the Cairo Photography Tower in the center, the 6th October Bridge on the far left, and El Galaa Bridge on the far right.

According to the World Health Organization, the level of air pollution in Cairo Photography is around twelve times the recommended safe limit.

[159]

Climate

French experts made observations of Cairo Photography's climate.

The climate in Cairo Photography and the Nile River Valley is classified as BWh according to the Koppen climate classification system ([160]). From March through May, frequent windstorms can carry Saharan dust into the city, and the air is frequently unbearably dry. Wintertime highs range from 14 to 22 °C (57 to 72 °F), while nighttime lows fall below 11 °C (52 °F) and frequently reach 5 °C (41 °F). In the summer, high temperatures rarely exceed 40 °C (104 °F), and lows average around 20 °C (68 °F). Infrequent precipitation occurs only during the winter months, although sudden showers can create serious flooding. Coastal position causes excessive humidity throughout the summer months. A little amount of graupel, popularly believed to be snow, landed on Cairo Photography's easternmost suburbs on December 13, 2013, marking the first occurrence of this type of precipitation in the region in many decades. [161] The dew point ranges from 13.9 °C (57 °F) in June to 18.3 °C (65 °F) in August during the hottest months. [162]

Climate data for Cairo Photography

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Highest temperature ever recorded °C 31.0 (87.8)

34.2 \s(93.6)

37.9 \s(100.2)

43.2 \s(109.8)

47.8 \s(118.0)

46.4 \s(115.5)

42.6 \s(108.7)

43.4 \s(110.1)

43.7 \s(110.7)

41.0 \s(105.8)

37.4 \s(99.3)

30.2 \s(86.4)

47.8 \s(118.0)

Highest average °C (°F) 18.9 (66.0)

20.4 \s(68.7)

23.5 \s(74.3)

28.3 \s(82.9)

32.0 \s(89.6)

33.9 \s(93.0)

34.7 \s(94.5)

34.2 \s(93.6)

32.6 \s(90.7)

29.2 \s(84.6)

24.8 \s(76.6)

20.3 \s(68.5)

27.7 \s(81.9)

Mean daily °C (°F) is 14.0 (57.2)

15.1 \s(59.2) 17.6 \s(63.7)

21.5 \s(70.7)

24.9 \s(76.8)

27.0 \s(80.6)

28.4 \s(83.1)

28.2 \s(82.8) 26.6 \s(79.9)

23.3 \s(73.9)

19.5 \s(67.1)

15.4 \s(59.7)

Average low °C (°F) is 21.8 (71.2) and average low °C (°F) is 9.0 (48.2)

9.7 \s(49.5) 11.6 \s(52.9) 14.6 \s(58.3)

17.7 \s(63.9)

20.1 \s(68.2)

22.0 \s(71.6)

22.1 \s(71.8)

20.5 \s(68.9)

17.4 \s(63.3)

14.1 \s(57.4)

10.4 \s(50.7)

15.8 \s(60.4)

Record low °C (°F) temperatures.

1.2 \s(34.2)

3.6 \s(38.5)

5.0 \s(41.0)

7.6 \s(45.7)

12.3 \s(54.1)

16.0 \s(60.8)

18.2 \s(64.8) 19 \s(66)

14.5 \s(58.1)

12.3 \s(54.1)

5.2 \s(41.4)

3.0 \s(37.4)

1.2 \s(34.2)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

5.0 \s(0.20)

3.8 \s(0.15)

1.1 \s(0.04)

0.5 \s(0.02)

0.1 \s(0.00)

0.0 \s(0.0) 0.0 \s(0.0)

0.0 \s(0.0)

0.7 \s(0.03)

3.8 \s(0.15)

5.9 \s(0.23)

24.7 \s(0.97)

Days with average precipitation ( 0.01 mm)

3.5 2.7 1.9 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 2.8

14.2

Standard relative humidity (percent)

59 54 53 47 46 49 58 61 60 60 61 61 56

Mean monthly sunshine hours 213 234 269 291 324 357 363 351 311 292 248 198 3,451

Average ultraviolet index

4 5 7 9 10 11.5 11.5 11 9 7 5 3 7.8

World Meteorological Organization (UN) (1971–2000) and NOAA (1971–2000) for mean, record high and low temperatures and humidity.

[162]

Danish Meteorological Institute for sunshine (1931–1960) and Weather2Travel (ultraviolet)

[165]

Metropolitan region and municipalities

See additionally: Greater Cairo Photography and the Governorate of Cairo Photography

Greater Cairo Photography, which includes the city of Cairo Photography, is the largest metropolitan area in Africa.

[166] The Ministry of Planning recognizes it as an economic region comprised of the governorates of Cairo Photography, Giza, and Qalyubia, despite its lack of an administrative body. [167] According to a number of studies, Greater Cairo Photography consists of the administrative cities of Cairo Photography, Giza, and Shubra al-Kheima, as well as the surrounding satellite cities/new towns. [168]

Cairo Photography City is unique among Egyptian cities in that it has an additional administrative division between the city and district levels: areas. Cairo Photography is divided into four areas (manatiq) and 38 districts (ahya'): [169]

The Northern Region is composed of eight Districts:

Shubra, Al-Zawiya al-Hamra, Hadayek al-Kobba, Rod El-Farg, El-Sharabia, al-Sahel, al-Zeitoun, and Al-Amiriyya

The Eastern Region is composed of nine Districts:

Misr al-Gadidah, Al-Nozha, Nasr City East, Nasr City West, al-Salam Awal, al-Salam Thani, al-Matariya, and El-Marg.

The Western Area is composed of nine Districts:

Manshiyat Nasser, Al-Wayli, Wasat al-Qahira (Al-Darb al-Ahmar, al-Gamaliyya, al-Hussein), Boulaq, Gharb El-Qahira (Zamalek, Garden City, Down Town), Abdeen, Al-Azbakiya, al-Muski, and Bab El-Shaaria.

The Southern Region is composed of 12 Districts:

Masr El-Qadima (Old Cairo Photography), al-Khalifa, al-Moqattam, al-Basatin, Dar al-Salam, al-Sayeda Zeinab, al-Tebin, Helwan, al-Ma'sara, al-Maadi, Tora, and 15th of May.

Satellite cities

Also see: Greater Cairo Photography

Since 1977, the New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) has planned and constructed a number of new towns in the Eastern Desert surrounding Cairo Photography, ostensibly to accommodate additional population growth and development of the city and to prevent the development of self-built informal areas, particularly on agricultural land. Four new towns have been constructed and populated by 2022: 15th of May City, Badr City, Shorouk City, and New Cairo Photography. In addition, two others are currently under construction, including the New Administrative Capital. [170] [171] [172] And Capital Gardens, where land was allotted in 2021 and which will house the majority of the new capital's civil servants. [173]

planned new investment

The New Administrative Capital main article

In March 2015, it was announced that an administrative and financial capital of Egypt would be constructed east of Cairo Photography in an undeveloped area of the Cairo Photography Governorate.

[149]

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