Applications: Provides rapid and intuitive observation of micron to submicron scale morphology, suitable for immediate inspection after material synthesis and processing.

Resolution and Magnification: Image resolution approximately 10–30 nm, maximum magnification approximately ~100,000×, falling between optical microscopes and high-end SEMs.

Detection System: Primarily uses SE (secondary electron) for surface morphology observation; some models can be combined with BSE and EDS for compositional comparison and elemental analysis.

Operating Characteristics: Compact size, quick start-up, and easy operation; most non-conductive samples can be directly measured in low-voltage or low-vacuum mode, reducing pretreatment requirements.

Experimental Method: After fixing the sample in the sample holder and placing it in the chamber, the accelerating voltage and magnification are set to quickly acquire surface morphology images, commonly used for sample screening and preliminary analysis.

Applications: Enables simultaneous testing of two sets of electrochemical parameters, suitable for electrode performance evaluation, battery material testing, and corrosion research.

Testing Capabilities: Supports various electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiostatic/galvanostatic charge-discharge.

Control and Resolution: Allows precise setting of potential, current, and scan rate, enabling high sensitivity detection of minute current changes.

Dual-channel Characteristics: Allows simultaneous testing of two samples or under two conditions, improving experimental efficiency and comparability.

Experimental Method: By placing the working electrode, counter electrode, and reference electrode in the electrolytic cell, connecting the instrument, and setting the test parameters, electrochemical data can be acquired synchronously or independently for analyzing the conductivity, reversibility, and kinetic properties of materials.

Applications: Provides a stable and controllable high-temperature environment for material sintering, annealing, phase transformation, and gas-phase reactions.

Temperature Characteristics: Up to 1200–1700 °C, with good temperature stability and uniformity (±1–5 °C).

Control Capabilities: Heating rate, holding time, and cooling program can be set; temperature resolution is approximately 0.1–1 °C.

Atmosphere Control: With gas flow control, experiments can be conducted in vacuum, inert, or reactive atmospheres.

Experimental Method: The sample is placed in the hot zone inside the tube and heat-treated under a specified atmosphere and temperature program, followed by structural and property analysis.

Applications: Observation of surface morphology and microstructure of samples using visible light.

Magnification: Total magnification approximately 10×–1000×, composed of an objective lens and an eyepiece.

Resolution: Limited by the diffraction limit, lateral resolution is approximately ~200 nm.

Imaging System: Can be equipped with brightfield, darkfield, or polarized light modes to enhance structural and contrast resolution.

Experimental Method: The sample is placed on a stage, and by adjusting the focus and illumination conditions, the size, uniformity, and surface characteristics of the material are directly observed. This method is commonly used for preliminary structural analysis after sample synthesis.

Applications: For sample drying and pretreatment in a vacuum environment, preventing oxidation and improving drying efficiency.

Temperature Characteristics: Temperature range from approximately room temperature to 200 °C, using PID control with a temperature resolution of up to 0.1 °C.

Vacuum Control: Can be equipped with a vacuum gauge to monitor the chamber vacuum level in real time, precisely controlling experimental conditions.

Experimental Advantages: The vacuum environment lowers the boiling point, inhibits oxidation reactions, and accelerates solvent evaporation and moisture removal.

Experimental Method: The sample is placed in a vacuum oven and dried under set temperature and vacuum conditions. Commonly used for drying and post-treatment steps before material synthesis.

Applications: Utilizes high-speed rotation to generate powerful centrifugal force for particle separation, sedimentation, and concentration.

Speed ​​and Centrifugal Force: Maximum speed approximately 10,000–30,000 rpm, with centrifugal force reaching 10⁴–10⁵ g.

Control Capability: Precisely settable speed, centrifugation time, and acceleration/deceleration rates ensure reproducible separation conditions.

Rotor System: Compatible with different rotors (fixed angle, oscillating) and tube types, suitable for different sample volumes and densities.

Experimental Method: Place the sample in a balanced centrifuge tube and run it at a specified speed and time to effectively separate components of different densities or particle sizes.