Health Inequities in the Unhoused Population
Canadian Institute for Health Information (2024) Hospital data sheds light on patients experiencing homelessness. https://www.cihi.ca/en/hospital-data-sheds-light-on-patients-experiencing-homelessness
Campbell, D. J. T., O’Neill, B. G., Gibson, K., & Thurston, W. E. (2015). Primary healthcare needs and barriers to care among Calgary’s homeless populations. BMC Family Practice, 16, 1–10. https://0-doi-org.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/10.1186/s12875-015-0361-3
Frankish, C. J., Hwang, S. W., & Quantz, D. (2005). Homelessness and Health in Canada: Research Lessons and priorities. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(S2). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03403700
Government of Canada (2022). Mental health and substance use among people experiencing homelessness in Canada. https://housing-infrastructure.canada.ca/homelessness-sans-abri/reports-rapports/mental-health-substance-use-sante-mentale-consom-substances-eng.html
Jenkinson, J. I. R., Moro, D., Dada, O., Pridham, K. F., Cygler, J., & Hwang, S. W. (2025). Implementing a hospital based case management intervention for people experiencing homelessness: the navigator program. BMC Health Services Research, 25(1), 1–14. https://0-doi-org.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/10.1186/s12913-025-13170-1
Lee, J. J., Jagasia, E., & Wilson, P. R. (2023). Addressing health disparities of individuals experiencing homelessness in the U.S. with Community Institutional Partnerships: An integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(5), 1678–1690. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15591
Health Inequities in Indigenous Populations
Govorchin, A., Leduc, M., Atleo, C. G., Hoogeveen, D., Borgos, I., & Patrick, L. (2026). The right to Health: Indigenous Data Sovereignty in Canada during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 54, 101335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2025.101335
Hazlett, C., Beddome, J., Meckelborg, L., Williams, K., & Oster, R. T. (2025). Smudging the barriers away: crafting the Patient Access to Indigenous Spiritual Ceremony policy. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 84(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2025.2587988
Kim PJ (2019) Social determinants of health inequities in indigenous Canadians through a life course approach to colonialism and the residential school system, Health Equity 3:1, 378–381, DOI: 10.1089/heq.2019.0041.
Richmond, C.A.M., & Cook, C. (2016). Creating conditions for Canadian aboriginal health equity: The promise of public health policy. Public Health Reviews, 37. doi: 10.1186/s40985-016-0016-5
Statistics Canada. (2024). Health care access and experiences among indigenous people. The Daily.
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/241104/dq241104a-eng.htm
Chronic Disease Resources
Dong, K., Wang, S., Qu, C., Zheng, K., & Sun, P. (2024). Schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1395771
Khunti, K., Chudasama, Y. V., Gregg, E. W., Kamkuemah, M., Misra, S., Suls, J., Venkateshmurthy, N. S., & Valabhji, J. (2023). Diabetes and multiple long term conditions: A review of our current Global Health Challenge. Diabetes Care, 46(12), 2092–2101. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci23-0035
Penninx, B. W., & Lange, S. M. (2018). Metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients: Overview, mechanisms, and implications. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 20(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2018.20.1/bpenninx
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Understanding the link between chronic disease and Depression. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/chronic-illness-mental-health
Spheres of Influence in Primary Care
Andermann, A. (2016). Taking action on the social determinants of Health in Clinical Practice: A Framework for Health Professionals. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188(17–18). https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160177
Crocker, A. M., Kessler, R., van Eeghen, C., Bonnell, L. N., Breshears, R. E., Callas, P., Clifton, J., Elder, W., Fox, C., Frisbie, S., Hitt, J., Jewiss, J., Kathol, R., Clark/Keefe, K., O’Rourke-Lavoie, J., Leibowitz, G. S., Macchi, C. R., McGovern, M., Mollis, B., … Littenberg, B. (2021). Integrating behavioral health and primary care (IBH-PC) to improve patient-centered outcomes in adults with multiple chronic medical and Behavioral Health Conditions: Study Protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomized control trial. Trials, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05133-8
Cunningham, R., Polomano, R. C., Wood, R. M., & Aysola, J. (2022). Health Systems and health equity: Advancing the agenda. Nursing Outlook, 70(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2022.05.010
Hudon, C., Dumont-Samson, O., Breton, M., Bourgueil, Y., Cohidon, C., Falcoff, H., Senn, N., Van Durme, T., Angrignon-Girouard, É., & Ouadfel, S. (2022). How to better integrate Social Determinants of health into Primary Healthcare: Various stakeholders’ perspectives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315495
Institute of Health Equity. (2022). Primary care networks and the social determinants of health: Emerging practice. https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/the-role-of-healthcare-and-the-sdh/primary-care-in-sdoh.pdf
What is Health?
American Hospital Association. (2019). Market insights: Behavioral
health report. https://www.aha.org/system/files/media/file/2019/06/Market_Insights-Behavioral_Health_Report.pdf
Krahn, G. L., Robinson, A., Murray, A. J., Havercamp, S. M., Havercamp, S., Andridge, R., Arnold, L. E., Barnhill, J., Bodle, S., Boerner, E., Bonardi, A., Bourne, M. L., Brown, C., Buck, A., Burkett, S., Chapman, R., Cobranchi, C., Cole, C., Davies, D., … Witwer, A. (2021). It’s time to reconsider how we define health: Perspective from disability and chronic condition. Disability and Health Journal, 14(4), 101129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101129
The Lancet. (2009). What is health? the ability to adapt. The Lancet, 373(9666), 781. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2809%2960456-6
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2022, October 18). What determines health? Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health.html
World Health Organization. (n.d.). First global conference on
health promotion. https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/enhanced-wellbeing/first-global-conference
Determinants of Health
Alberta Health Services. (2024). AHS health plan and business plan 2024–27. https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/about/org/ahs-org-health-plan-2024-27.pdf
Alberta Health Services. (n.d.). Provincial population and public health. https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/findhealth/service.aspx?Id=3677
Alberta Health and Wellness. (2003). Alberta’s health and wellness: A framework for health. Open Government Program. https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/eb0e7fb7-d5b8-4cea-bd39-26fbb1433a50/resource/46223716-bb2e-4cae-8a0f-e09f4879e2d5/download/framework-for-health-2003.pdf
Chelak, K., & Chakole, S. (2023). The role of Social Determinants of Health in Promoting Health Equality: A narrative review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33425
Government of Alberta. (2023). Modernizing Alberta’s primary health care system (MAPS): 2-year implementation plan. Open Government Program. https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/f4fa02aa-9d85-48a4-bd72-240e873e5509/resource/3f1a65c4-b302-421a-ba66-19b54697f2ce/download/hlth-modernizing-albertas-primary-health-care-system-2-year-implementation-plan.pdf
Health Alberta. (n.d.). Conditions: Health conditions and treatments. My Health Alberta. https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=acq4591&lang=en-ca
Public Health Agency of Canada. (2022, October 18). What determines health? Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health.html