Editors, History.com. “Brown v. Board of Education.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka.
In the article, "Brown V. Board of Education" the authors begin examining the Supreme Court case of 1954. In this court case, "justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional". After examining this court case, the authors discuss three things: separate but equal, little rock nine, and the impact of Brown V. Board of Education. After examining those three things, the authors then question whether people can end the racial inequalities still found in the school system. I will use this in my research probe, and lexicon to further explain the Brown V. Board of Education decision and its impacts today.
Levine, Adeline, and Levine, Murray. “ Coming from behind: A historical perspective on Black education and attainment.” American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry. 2014, Vol.84, pp. 447-454.
In the article, " The Politics of Achievement Gaps: U.S. Public Opinion on Race-Based and Wealth-Based Differences in Test Scores" authors Adeline Levine, and Murray Levine discuss how the achievement gap exists, and how many researchers have ideas in which they can fix it. These ideas will cost an unlimited amount of tax dollars therefore the authors will look into how the data is construed, when constructing the factors that increases the current achievement gap. Then they will suggest that instead of only relying on test scores, researchers should account " students attending school, the increasing length of schools years, literacy rates" and so forth. Researchers should factor in these other factors, because test scores are not the only factor that makes up the achievement gap. After this, the authors will begin to speak on the history of the United States, and why it is the way that it is. I will use this article in my essay to show my readers how relevant the achievement gap is in public schools.
Newark, Daniel, and Valant, Jon. “ The Politics of Achievement Gaps: U.S. Public Opinion on Race-Based and Wealth-Based Differences in Test Scores.” Educational Researcher. 2016, Vol. 45, no.6, pp. 331-346.
In the article, "The Politics of Achievement Gaps: U.S. Public Opinion on Race-Based and Wealth-Based Differences in Test Scores" authors Daniel Newark, and Jon Valant discuss the differences in test scores between minorities and white students. Both authors believe that this gap in test scores is where policymakers and reformers go to examine whether or not they need to do something in regards to the achievement gap. The authors then begin to make the conclusion that the public does not put enough attention on these issues compared to policymakers. After running random experiments, the authors begin to explore the public belief about the achievement gap, and how to fix it. I will use this academic journal in my research to further examine the achievement gap.
Norwood, Arlisha. "Little Rock Nine." National Women's History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/resources/general/little-rock-nine
In Arlisha Norwood's article, "Little Rock Nine" she asks her readers to imagine being greeted with a mob, and soldiers on their first day of school. Norwood then explains how a group of nine african american students went to Central High School. This was a big deal because Central High School was formerly an all white school. When these students attempted going into the school, they were stopped by the National Guard. After a few more attempts, and help from the federal government the nine would soon be able to go into Central High. Norwood then explains how the south wanted to remain segregated even after the Brown v Board of Education ruling. After, Norwood goes into detail how certain members of the NAACP helped with the integration of the school systems. I will use this article in my research probe to further explain the Little Rock Nine.
Ostrander, Rachel. “ School Funding: Inequality in District Funding and the Disparate Impact on Urban and Migrant School Children.” Brigham Young University Education & Law Journal. 2015, pp. 271/295.
In Rachel Obstrander’s article, “ School Funding: Inequality in District Funding and the Disparate Impact on Urban and Migrant School Children” she discusses the current issues in our school system. Due to the disparity of funding in school systems across the United States, lower income areas, and urban families are becoming “entrapped into lower funded schools because of low property values”. While families are becoming trapped into lower funded schools, more affluent families are moving to schools that contain better resources. These schools contain better educated teachers, more access to newer technology, and overall has the potential to lead to a better education. Due to these more affluent families moving, underfunded schools will continue to be underfunded. Due to these schools being underfunded, children in these schools will not have the same resources others schools have. In result the disparity of funding in the school system continues to increase, which leds to children in lower income areas becoming behind. Overall, I will use this in my lexicon to discuss the achievement gap.
Rowley, Rochelle L., and Wright, David W. “ No ‘White’ Child Left Behind: The Academic Achievement Gap between Black and White Students.” Howard University School of Education. Vol. 80, no.2, pp. 93/107.
In the article, “ No ‘White’ Child Left Behind: The Academic Achievement Gap between Black and White Students” authors Rochelle L. Rowley, and David W. Wright discuss the racial inequality in the United State’s school system. First, both authors begin examining ways the federal government has attempted to fix the inequality. After reviewing education acts, like the No Child Left of 2001, the authors begin conducting a study to examine the relationship between race, and tests scores. The study examines the test scores between both white, and african american students in general subjects like reading, and math. After the study is finished, the results proves that white students score higher than african american students on these exams. The findings demonstrate that there is an achievement gap between white, and african american students. I will use this in my paper to use data which will show my audience predominantly african american schools are still very behind predominately white schools.
Zhoa, Young. “ From Defiency To Strength: Shifting the Mindset about Education Inequality.” Journal Of Social 2016, pp. 720- 739.
In Zhao Young's article, " From Deficiency to Strength: Shifting the Mindset about Education Inequality" he discusses the issues around social inequality, but more importantly social inequality in the school system. While evaluating the school system, the term achievement gap corresponds with racial and poverty lines. What this means is, the achievement gap is greater when children of color or low income families are in the school system. After discussing this issue, Young argues the school system needs to adapt in order to fix the achievement gap. I will use this resource in my essay to convey to my reader how a student's race, and income correlates with their grade average.