Without proper security for access controls, one compromised privileged account can cause widespread and irreparable damage to your infrastructure, intellectual property, and brand equity. To reduce this risk, all privileged credentials and access, needs to be effectively identified and managed across the enterprise.

#1: The first tenet of Zero Trust is to identify every user and device requesting access. Historically, privileged accounts and passwords were often shared by multiple internal and sometimes external individuals, which made auditing who actually accessed the account and performed activities with it nearly impossible. Over 20 years ago, auditors recognized this risk and encouraged organizations to implement stronger controls over these accounts. This led to the creation of the first PAM tools, which addressed this challenge by vaulting the credentials used to access these accounts, and then required users to authenticate themselves to the PAM solution, often with a two-factor credential, before they could gain access to the credential.


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#2: The second tenet of Zero Trust is to enforce least privileged access. Privileged accounts commonly provide unlimited access and permissions that, if compromised, would enable a malicious user to do more damage or steal more data. PAM technologies address this issue by enforcing granular access controls over these accounts, such that organizations can limit which actions different users can perform when using the same account. In this way, organizations can define and enforce separation of duties policies over accounts, such as root. This makes it more difficult for the hacker, as they may need to compromise many accounts in order to gain the privileges they need to carry out an attack.

Answer: Yes. Many of our customers are using Symantec PAM to protect non-human access. In fact, we conducted a recent survey of our customers, and nearly 50 percent of our customers are leveraging our application to application password management (AAPM) capabilities to secure communications between applications. AAPM is primarily used to removed passwords or other credentials that are embedded in apps, scripts, or configuration files, where they could be easily stolen. Instead, apps are required to authenticate themselves to Symantec PAM and request a privileged credential, exactly as a human user would do.

People are still the weakest link in many security strategies, and getting those privileged credentials and accounts that are being accessed by human actors is still the top priority for many organizations.

In terms of new business, we are seeing capacity growth from existing customers that are expanding from the vault into AAPM and Secrets Management use cases; however, we are not seeing this a primary driver for new deals. We are still, most commonly, seeing organizations begin with vaulting credentials and implementing session management and recording. People are still the weakest link in many security strategies, and getting those privileged credentials and accounts that are being accessed by human actors is still the top priority for many organizations.

Hello Sudip, the traceroute tool is useful in checking on the network connection. This is relevant for the connection between PAM and the client workstation, and between PAM and any target device you are accessing through PAM. Since the login itself is slow, the bottleneck may be the connection between the PAM client and PAM. On the dashboard you should be able to see whether PAM has high CPU usage. I assume that's not the case, given that you didn't mention it. If you can't figure out what causes the performance problem, please open a support case and provide the system logs from the PAM appliance by using the DOWNLOAD button to the right of the "System Log Configuration File" label on the Configuration > Diagnostics > Diagnostic Logs -> Download page. Make sure to click only once. It may take a while before the logs are collected and you are prompted to save a file named logs.bin. Also attach the logs.log file from the PAM client installation directory.

While IAM controls provide authentication of identities to ensure that the right user has the right access as the right time, PAM layers on more granular visibility, control, and auditing over privileged identities and session activities. PAM is at the heart of identity security, which analysts and IT leaders consider central to protecting enterprise assets and users in an increasingly perimeterless, work-from-anywhere (WFA) world. The identity infrastructure itself (including IAM and IGA toolsets) is increasingly under attack, and dependent on robust PAM controls to protect it all.

A privileged account is considered to be any account that provides access and privileges beyond those of non-privileged accounts. A privileged user is any user currently leveraging privileged access, such as through a privileged account. Because of their elevated capabilities and access, privileged users/privileged accounts pose considerably larger risks than non-privileged accounts / non-privileged users.


macOS, on the other hand is Unix-like, but unlike Unix and Linux, is rarely deployed as a server. Users of Mac endpoints may run with root access as a default. However, as a macOS security best security practice, a non-privileged account should be created and used for routine computing to limit the likelihood and scope of privileged threats.

Privileged credentials (also called privileged passwords) are a subset of credentials that provide elevated access and permissions across accounts, applications, and systems. Privileged passwords can be associated with human, application, service accounts, and more. SSH keys are one type of privileged credential used across enterprises to access servers and open pathways to highly sensitive assets.

Long-forgotten privileged accounts are commonly sprawled across organizations. These orphaned accounts may number in the millions, and provide dangerous backdoors for attackers, including, former employees who have left the company but retain access.

Applications and service accounts often automatically execute privileged processes to perform actions, as well as to communicate with other applications, services, resources, etc. Applications and service accounts frequently possess excessive privileged access rights by default, and also suffer from other serious security deficiencies.

Easier to achieve and prove compliance: By curbing the privileged activities that can possibly be performed, privileged access management helps create a less complex, and thus, a more audit-friendly, environment.

Help satisfy cyber insurance requirements: In recent years, ransomware attacks and ransom payouts have hurt the bottom lines, and threatened the viability, of the cyber insurance industry. Cyber insurers appreciate that PAM controls reduce risk and stop threats, and thus, are powerful tool in reducing cyber liability. Today, many cyber insurers mandate PAM controls to renew or obtain new cyber liability coverage. Cyber insurance requirement checklists that are part of, or precede the insurance application process, commonly call out a number of specific controls, such as Has a PAM system to manage privileged access and accounts."

1. Establish and enforce a comprehensive privilege management policy: The policy should govern how privileged access and accounts are provisioned/de-provisioned; address the inventory and classification of privileged identities and accounts; and enforce best practices for security and management.

3. Enforce least privilege over end users, endpoints, accounts, applications, services, systems, etc.: A key piece of a successful least privilege implementation involves wholesale elimination of privileges everywhere they exist across your environment. Then, apply rules-based technology to elevate privileges as needed to perform specific actions, revoking privileges upon completion of the privileged activity. Ensuring true least privilege is not just about enforcing constraints on the breadth of access, but also on the duration of access. In IT security terms, this means implementing controls that provide just enough access (JEA) and just-in-time (JIT) access.


Centralize security and management of all credentials (e.g., privileged account passwords, SSH keys, application passwords, etc.) in a tamper-proof safe. Implement a workflow whereby privileged credentials can only be checked out until an authorized activity is completed, after which time the password is checked back in and privileged access is revoked.

8. Monitor and audit all privileged activity: This can be accomplished through user IDs as well as auditing and other tools. Implement privileged session management and monitoring (PSM) to detect suspicious activities and efficiently investigate risky privileged sessions in a timely manner. Privileged session management involves monitoring, recording, and controlling privileged sessions. Auditing activities should include capturing keystrokes and screens (allowing for live view and playback). PSM should cover the instances during which elevated privileges/privileged access is granted to an account, service, or process.

11. Implement privileged threat/user analytics: Establish baselines for privileged user behavioral activity (PUBA) and privileged access. Monitor and alert to any deviations from the baseline that meet a defined risk threshold. Also incorporate other risk data for a more three-dimensional view of privilege risks. Accumulating as much data as possible is not necessarily the answer. What is most important is that you have the data you need in a form that allows you to make prompt, precise decisions to steer your organization to optimal cybersecurity outcomes.

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