cardiology

cred: Ben Amberg, Grace Kennett, Karan Chauhan, Britney Pham

Left heart failure

1. SOB

2. orthopnoea

3. PND

4. bibasal crepitation (sign)

Right heart failure

1. pedal oedema

2. abdominal distension

3. raised JVP (sign)

4. peripheral oedema (sign)

5. hepatomegaly/ascites (sign)

Aortic stenosis

1. chest pain

2. SOB

3. syncope

Acute pulmonary oedema (APO) 5 features on CXR

1. alveolar oedema

2. kerley B lines

3. cardiomegaly

4. upper lobe diversion

5. pleural effusion

5 tx of acute heart failure

1. IAISX furosemide

2. morphine: symptoms

3. nitrate: vasodilate to suck fluid back into vessels

4. O2: hypoxia

5. position: bases of lungs can expand more

4 causes of heart failure

1. ischaemia

2. valvular heart disease

3. alcohol

4. idiopathic

4 triggers for decompensated HF (acute on chronic)

1. ischaemia

2. infection 

3. arrhythmia

4. anemia

4 causes of ejection systolic murmur

1. aortic stenosis: radiates to carotids

2. aortic sclerosis: calcification of aortic valve but not narrowing

3. hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)

4. pulmonary stenosis

3 causes of pansystolic murmur

1. mitral regurgitation

2. tricuspid regurgitation

3. ventricular septal defect

3 causes of cardiac shock

1. Massive PE


2. Tension pneumothorax

3. Cardiac tamponade