Strength Of Materials Ss Rattan Pdf ##HOT## Download

Abstract:This study investigated factors on tensile properties of rattan strips commonly used as woven materials for furniture. The factors were rattan type (bast, core, synthetic), gauge length (100, 140 mm), and unit loading speed (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mm/min/mm). Experimental results indicated that natural bast and core rattan strips, when subjected to tensile loading, behaved like synthetic rattan strips in terms of their stress-strain curves showing excessive plastic deformation. There was no significant difference in ultimate tensile strain between bast and synthetic rattan strips. Bast rattan strips had the highest ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity among three materials evaluated in this study, followed by core rattan and synthetic strips. The major tensile properties of natural rattan bast strips can be influenced by their gauge length adapted to their evaluation test. Unit loading speeds, in general, had no significant effects on the major tensile properties of natural bast rattan strips but tended to significantly effect the ultimate strength of synthetic rattan strips, while less significantly for strengths at the proportional limit and yield point.Keywords: rattan bast strips; rattan core strips; synthetic rattan strips; tensile properties; unit loading speed; gauge length

The productionof rattan furniture often utilizes material from the entire plant: peel, coreand pole. Rattan poles, i.e. the stem, are very strong and generally used toform the frame of furniture. They are quality rated according to the thicknessof the pole and the smoothness of the exterior. Although their natural hue isbeautiful without decoration, rattan poles are easily painted.

Strength Of Materials Ss Rattan Pdf Download

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Cane is the outerskin of the rattan that has been peeled away from the stem and cut into thinstrips. Cane is produced in many different sizes used for weaving seats andchair frames along with other decorative accessories. Cane has a beautifulnaturally glossy finish and can be easily dyed to several colors for a customlook. Less porous than other natural materials, cane repels spills if wrapped tightlyaround the frame of the furniture.

Reed is thethin flexible material found inside the rattan core. Most often used for basketweaving, it may also appear as an ornamental element in wicker furniture.Unlike cane, it has no natural finish and is quite porous and thus readily acceptspaint or stain.

The finalresult of all this labor is a sustainably harvested, strong, beautiful piece ofrattan furniture you can pass down to future generations. Heirloom quality pieces can lastdecades and match many different decors. Upon further reflection, the warmth ofwicker may just be what we need right now to counteract all that is fast, shinyand tech driven in our world.

From the 1860s, the study on physical and mechanical properties of some rattan species began to increase in the Southeast Asia region, including major effecting factor to mechanical strength, and cane grading based on mechanical strength [5,6,7,8,9]. Research on physical and mechanical properties of rattan in China is mainly focused on Daemonorops margaritae, Calamus tetradactylus and C. simplicifolius, including test methods, specific gravity, shrinkage, longitudinal compressive strength, tensile strength, hardness, wear resistance, bending strength, shear strength parallel to the grain and micromechanics [10,11,12,13]. However, the research on rattan property still lacks systematic basic data. There were no universal international standards to test, and the available results have been obtained by different techniques and methods. As yet, a complete picture of the quadruple interplay between species, cane position, density and mechanical properties of the rattan in China is missing.

The average density of core and cortex is taken as the density of the cane for the above-mentioned three rattan species with larger diameter, compared with C. yunnanensis. Considering the overall basic density, it was observed that there is a great deal of irregular variation between the culm heights (Table 2), which is not similar to the findings by Tesoro [19]. The cane of different heights is formed within a certain rattan age, and a previous study indicates that the basic density is significantly higher as the canes mature [9]. In general, the age and height will affect the physical properties [20,21,22]. Bhat [5, 16] reported that rattan density along the stem (base to top) was highly affected by proportion of fibers, fiber wall thickness, the ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter and metaxylem vessel diameter. Fiber wall thickness is the most important anatomical feature determining the physical properties of rattan cane [23]. The basic density tended to decrease with cane height from the basal towards the top portion, which the relationship is probably related to the numerous fiber cells with thicker wall thickness, smaller lumen diameter, and smaller metaxylem vessel element distributed in the basal cane compared to the upper portion. On the whole, it conforms to the research law of predecessors that the basic density decreases gradually from the base to top. But for the four rattan species, the variation between the culm heights diverged from each other.

Generally mean density differed among four species, and the differences were not statistically significant, only by 0.05 g/cm3. The rattan cane becomes fragile when its basic density was lesser than 0.25 g/cm3. The above-mentioned four species have higher basic density and hence they can be used in reinforced part in furniture and decorations with better flexibility [24]. The ANOVA showed that there is no significant difference in the basic density among rattan species and cane height (Table 3).

Mean values of different mechanical properties for four rattan species are tabulated in Table 4. Comparing the mechanical properties of four rattan species, C. yunnanensis cane appeared to be the strongest as it displayed highest mean values of tensile properties (TS and TM) and bending properties (MOR and MOE) as well as relatively high CS. In contrast, C. simplicifolius had the lowest strength with exceptionally low values of TS and MOR. The rest of two species had no apparent difference in mechanical properties except the values of MOE and IT. The CS and MOR ranged from 24.93 to 27.75 MPa and 54.13 to 72.32 MPa, respectively, in which the former was less than half of the latter. IT of rattans ranged from 22.56 to 53.81 MPa. The IT in C. nambariensis var. yingjiangensis is the largest, more than twice that of the other three rattan species, suggested that C. nambariensis var. yingjiangensis will be more resistant to external impact loads.

The mechanical strength of rattan is closely related to its structure and chemical composition. Rattan is a natural fiber bio-composite, consisting of unidirectional fibers as a reinforcement, and parenchymatous ground tissue as a matrix. When rattan reaches the destruction, the total deformation is larger, but the ratio of limit deformation to total deformation is smaller. The rattan has better plastic deformation and flexibility due to its higher proportion of parenchyma. The compression strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus is positively correlated with density and fiber proportion, and negatively correlated with parenchyma proportion [7]. The rattan with cortex presents strong bending characteristics, which may be due to large cellulose content in cortex [25].

Compared to commercial species Calamus manna, with 93.88, 2320 and 37.11 MPa for MOR, MOE and CS, respectively [12], the mechanical properties of four rattan species in this study is significantly lower than that in Calamus manna (Table 4). Therefore, four rattan species cannot be applied to a key load-bearing part of furniture only when any modification method used to improve the cane quality.

The mechanical strength of rattan is affected by factors such as age, position, fiber ratio, density and water content. The ANOVA of the mechanical properties revealed that the species had a highly significant effect on the MOE (Table 3). The cane of C. yunnanensis has good mechanical property, but it is still limited in use due to its relatively small diameter.

The variation of mechanical strength presents irregular and indefinite pattern from the base towards apex (Fig. 2), which was not consistent with the findings by Bhat et al. [7] on India rattans where mechanical properties like MOR and TS decrease from the base to the top within a stem. TS, CS, and MOR were unaltered by the pattern of longitudinal variation.

The measured physical and mechanical properties differ among four rattan species. Species do not significantly influence the mechanical properties except MOE. The basic density and mechanical properties follow irregular and indefinite variation pattern with height from the base to the top. In addition, basic density and mechanical properties gave a more moderate correlation with quadric equation.

Four rattan species have favorable mechanical properties and they can prove to be a good eco-friendly, sustainable material for green furniture. But the mechanical property is also clearly lower than that in commercial species Calamus manna, still limited to wide utilization for natural cane.

Rattan is a vine that possesses an innate flexibility. This flexibility allows for intricate designs while preserving durability, making it a favorite amongst furniture artisans. With more than 600 species of rattan in the world, artisans can pick and choose for the most unique textures, hues and characters.

Wicker is a method of weaving used to make products such as furniture and baskets, as well as a descriptor to classify such products. It is the oldest furniture making method known to history, dating as far back as 5,000 years ago. Wicker was first documented in ancient Egypt, then having been made from pliable plant material, but in modern times it is made from any pliable, easily woven material. The word wicker or "wisker" is believed to be of Scandinavian origin: vika, which means "to fold" in Swedish.[1] Wicker is traditionally made of material of plant origin, such as willow, rattan, reed, and bamboo, though the term also applies to products woven from synthetic fibers. Wicker is light yet sturdy, making it suitable for items that will be moved often like porch and patio furniture.[2] Rushwork and wickerwork are terms used in England.[3] A typical braiding pattern is called Wiener Geflecht, Viennese Braiding, as it was invented in 18th century Vienna and later most prominently used with the Thonet coffeehouse chair. 2351a5e196