Publications
Edwards KF, Li Q, Steward GF (2023). Ingestion kinetics of mixotrophic and heterotrophic flagellates. Limnology and Oceanography 68(4): 917–927 DOI: 10.1002/lno.12320
Edwards KF, Li Q, McBeain KA, Schvarcz CR, Steward GF (2023) Trophic strategies explain the ocean niches of small eukaryotic phytoplankton. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 290:20222021. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.2021
Bullington JA, Golder AR, Steward GF, McManus MA, Neuheimer AB, Glazer BT, Nigro OD, Nelson CE. (2022) Refining real-time predictions of Vibrio vulnificus concentrations in a tropical urban estuary by incorporating dissolved organic matter dynamics. Science of the Total Environment 829: 154075. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154075
Nigro OD, James-Davis LI, De Carlo EH, Li Y-H, Steward GF (2022) Variable freshwater influences on the abundance of Vibrio vulnificus in a tropical urban estuary. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 88(6):e0188421. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01884-21
Li Q, Edwards KF, Schvarcz CR, Steward GF (2022) Broad phylogenetic and functional diversity among mixotrophic consumers of Prochlorococcus. The ISME Journal doi: 10.1038/s41396-022-01204-z
Schvarcz, CR, Wilson, ST, Caffin, M, Li Q, Turk-Kubo KA, White AE, Karl DM Zehr JP, Steward GF (2022) Overlooked and widespread pennate diatom-diazotroph symbioses in the sea. Nature Communications 13(1): 799 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28065-6
DeLong JP, Al-Sammak MA, Al-Ameeli ZT, Dunigan DD, Edwards KF, Fuhrmann JJ, Gleghorn JP, Li H, Haramoto K, Harrison AO, Marston, MF, Moore RM, Polson SW, Ferrell BD, Salsberry ME, Schvarcz CR, Shirazi J, Steward GF, Van Etten J, Wommack KE (2021) Toward an integrative view of virus phenotype. Nature Reviews Microbiology doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00612-w
Arisdakessian C, Nigro OD, Steward GF, and Belcaid M (2021) CoCoNet: An Efficient Deep Learning Tool for Viral Metagenome Binning. Bioinformatics, btab213, DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab213
Linney MD, Schvarcz CR, Steward GF, DeLong EF, Karl DM (2021) A method for characterizing dissolved DNA and its application to the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods DOI: 10.1002/lom3.10415
Edwards KF, Steward GF, Schvarcz CR (2020) Making sense of size and the tradeoffs shaping viral fitness. Ecology Letters 24: 363-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13630
Kukovetz K, Hertel B, Schvarcz CR, Saponaro A, Manthey M, Burk U, Greiner T, Steward GF, Van Etten J, Moroni A, Thiel G, Rauh O (2020) A functional K+ channel from Tetraselmis virus 1, a member of the Mimiviridae. Viruses 2020, 12 (10), 1107; doi:10.3390/v12101107 (access online)
Li Q, Edwards KF, Schvarcz CR, Selph KE, Steward GF (2020) Plasticity in the grazing ecophysiology of Florenciella (Dichtyochophyceae), a mixotrophic nanoflagellate that consumes Prochlorococcus and other bacteria. Limnology and Oceanography https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11585
Roux S, Adriaenssens EM, Dutilh BE, Koonin EV, Kropinski AM, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Lavigne R, Brister JR, Varsani A, Amid C, Aziz RK, Bordenstein SR, Bork P, Breitbart M, Cochrane GR, Daly RA, Desnues C, Duhaime MB, Emerson JB, Enault F, Fuhrman JA, Hingamp P, Hugenholtz P, Hurwitz BL, Ivanova NN, Labonté JM, Lee K-B, Malmstrom RR, Martinez-Garcia M, Mizrachi IK, Ogata H, Páez-Espino D, Petit M-A, Putonti C, Rattei T, Reyes A, Rodriguez-Valera F, Rosario K, Schriml L, Schulz F, Steward GF, Sullivan MB, Sunagawa S, Suttle CA, Temperton B, Tringe SG, Thurber RV, Webster BS, Whiteson KL, Wilhelm SW, Wommack KE, Woyke T, Wrighton KC, Yilmaz P, Yoshida T, Young MJ, Yutin N, Allen LZ, Kyrpides NC, Eloe-Fadrosh EA (2019) Minimum information about an uncultivated virus genome (MIUVIG) Nature Biotechnology 37(1):29-37 (access online).
Schvarcz CR, Steward GF (2018) A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes Virology 518: 423-433 (access online).
Edwards KF, Steward GF (2018) Host traits drive viral life histories across phytoplankton viruses The American Naturalist 191(5) 566-581 (access online).
Nigro OD, Jungbluth SP, Lin H-T, Hsieh C-C, Miranda JA, Schvarcz CR, Rappé MS, Steward GF (2017) Viruses in the oceanic basement MBio 8(2): e02129-16 (access online).
Miranda JA, Steward GF (2017) Variables influencing the efficiency and interpretation of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR): An empirical study using Bacteriophage MS2. Journal of Virological Methods 241:1-10 (access online).
Miranda JA, Culley AI, Schvarcz CR, Steward GF (2016) RNA viruses as major contributors to Antarctic virioplankton. Environmental Microbiology 18(11) 3714-3727 (access online).
Nigro OD, Steward GF (2015) Differential specificity of selective culture media for enumeration of pathogenic vibrios: advantages and limitations of multi- methods plating. Journal of Microbiological Methods 111:24-30 (access online).
Durham BP, Grote J, Whittaker KA, Bender SJ, Lou H, Grim SL, Brown JM, Casey JR, Dron A, Florez-Leiva L, Krupke A, Luria CM, Mine AH, Nigro OD, Pather S, Talarmin A, Wear EK, Weber TS, Wilson JM, Church MJ, DeLong E, Karl DM, Steward GF, Eppley JM, Kyrpides NC, Schuster S, Rappé MS (2014) Draft genome sequence of marine alphaproteobacterial strain HIMB11, the first cultivated representative of a unique lineage within the Roseobacter clade possessing an unusually small genome. Standards in Genomic Science 9:9030632 (access online).
Culley AI, Mueller JA., Belcaid M, Wood-Charlson EM, Poisson G, Steward GF (2014). The characterization of RNA viruses in tropical seawater using targeted PCR and metagenomics. MBio 5(3):e01210-14 (access online).
Mueller JA, Culley AI, Steward GF (2014) Variables influencing extraction of nucleic acids from microbial plankton (viruses, bacteria, and protists) collected on nanoporous aluminum oxide filters. Applied Environmental Microbiology 80(13):3930-3942 (access online).
Fiedler JQ, McManus MA, Tomlinson MS, Steward GF, Nigro OD, Timmerman RE, Drupp PS, Ostrander CE (2014). Real-time observations of the February 2010 Chile and March 2011 Japan Tsunamis: recorded in Honolulu by the Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System. Oceanography 27(2):186-200 (access online).
Brum JR, Culley AI, Steward GF (2013) Assembly of a marine viral metagenome after physical fractionation. PLoS One 8(4): e60604. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0060604 (access online).
Johnson AE, Powell BS, Steward GF (2013) Characterizing the effluence near Waikiki, Hawaii with a coupled biophysical model. Continental Shelf Research 54: 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2012.12.007 (access online).
Steward GF, Culley AI, Wood-Charlson EM (2013) Marine Viruses, in: Levin, S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press, Waltham. (request reprint).
Steward GF, Culley AI, Mueller JA, Wood-Charlson EM, Belcaid M, Poisson G. (2012). Are missing half of the viruses in the ocean? ISME doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.121 (access online).
Nigro OD, Culley AI, Steward GF (2012) Complete genome sequence of bacteriophage VvAW1, which infects Vibrio vulnificus. Standards in Genomic Sciences 6: 415-426. doi:10.4056/sigs.2846206. (view online).
Grote J, Altunkaya A, Bayindirli C, Bergauer K, Moraes P, Chen H, D’Ambrosio L, Edwards B, Fernández-Gomez B, Hamisi M, Logares R, Nguyen D, Rii S, Saeck E, Schutte C, Widner B, Church MJ, Steward GF, Karl DM, DeLong EF, Eppley JM, Schuster SC, Kyrpides NC, Rappé MS (2011) Draft genome sequence of strain HIMB100, a cultured representative of the SAR116 clade of marine Alphaproteobacteria. Standards in Genome Sciences 5(3). doi:10.4056/sigs.1854551 (view online).
Nigro OD, Hou A, Vithanage G, Fujioka RS, Steward GF (2011) Seasonal and spatial variability in pathogenic Vibrio spp. in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, USA, following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77(15): 5384-5393. doi:10.1128/AEM.02509-10 (link to abstract).
Steward GF, Preston CM (2011) Analysis of a viral metagenomic library from 200 m depth in Monterey Bay, California constructed by direct shotgun cloning. Virology Journal 8: 287 (doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-287) (access online). A link to the metagenome in MG-RAST is here: http://metagenomics.anl.gov/metagenomics.cgi?page=MetagenomeOverview&metagenome=4461422.3
Tomlinson MS, De Carlo EH, McManus MA, Pawlak G, Steward GF, Sansone FJ, Nigro OD, Timmerman RE, Patterson J, Jaramillo S, Ostrander CE (2011) Characterizing the effects of two storms on the coastal waters of Oahu, Hawaii, using data from the Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System. Oceanography 24(2): 40-57 (article online).
Brum JR, Steward GF (2011) Physical fractionation of aquatic viral assemblages. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 9: 150-163 (link to abstract).
Farnelid H, Andersson AF, Bertilsson S, Al-Soud WA, Hansen LH, Sørensen S, Steward GF, Hagström Å, Riemann, L (2011) The nitrogenase gene pool in surface waters of the global ocean is dominated by genes of non-cyanobacteria. PLoS One 6(1): e19223. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019223 (access online).
Brum JR, Steward GF (2010) Morphological characterization of viruses in the stratified water column of alkaline, hypersaline Mono Lake. Microbial Ecology 60(3): 636-643 Download.
Culley AI, Suttle CA, Steward GF (2010). Characterization of the diversity of marine RNA viruses, pp. 193-201. In: Wilhelm, S.W., Weinbauer, M.G., and Suttle, C.A. (eds.) Manual of Aquatic Viral Ecology. ASLO. (Link to book online).
Lawrence JL, Steward GF (2010). Purification of viruses by centrifugation. pp. 166-181. In: Wilhelm, S.W., Weinbauer, M.G., and Suttle, C.A. (eds.) Manual of Aquatic Viral Ecology. ASLO. (Link to book online).
Riemann L, Farnelid H, Steward GF (2010) Nitrogenase genes in non-cyanobacterial plankton: prevalence, diversity, and regulation in marine waters. Aquatic Microbial Ecology doi: 10.3354/ame01431 Download.
Steward GF, Culley AI (2010) Extraction and purification of nucleic acids from viruses. pp. 154-165. In: Wilhelm, S.W., Weinbauer, M.G., and Suttle, C.A. (eds.) Manual of Aquatic Viral Ecology. ASLO. (Link to book online).
Lang AS, Culley AI, Rise ML, Steward GF (2009) RNA viruses in the sea. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 33(2): 295-332. DOI: 10.1111/j1574-6976.2008.00132.x (PDF).
Culley AI, Asuncion BF, Steward GF (2009) Detection of inteins among diverse DNA polymerase genes of uncultivated members of the Phycodnaviridae. ISME 3(4): 409-418 (PDF).
McManus MA, Kudela RM, Silver MV, Steward GF, Sullivan JM, Donaghay PL (2008) Cryptic blooms: Are thin layers the missing connection? Estuaries and Coasts 31: 396-401 (PDF).
Bergeron A, Belcaid M, Steward GF, Poisson G (2007) Divide and conquer: enriching environmental sequencing data. PLoS One 2(9): e830. (access online).
Culley AI, Steward GF (2007) New genera of RNA viruses in subtropical seawater inferred from polymerase gene sequences. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(18): 5937-5944 (PDF).
Sinigalliano CD, Gidley ML, Shibata T, Whitman D, Dixon TH, Laws E, Hou A, Bachoon D, Brand L, Amaral-Zettler L, Gast R, Steward GF, Nigro OD, Fujioka R, Betancourt WQ, Vithnage G, Mathews J, Fleming LE, Solo-Gabriele HM (2007) Impacts of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on the microbial landscape of the New Orleans area. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 104(21): 9029-9034 (PDF).
Steward GF, Rappé, MS (2007) What's the "meta" with metagenomics? ISME 1(2): 100-102 (PDF).
Steward GF, Fandino LB, Hollibaugh JT, Whitledge TE, Azam F (2007) Microbial biomass and viral infections of prokaryotes in the mid-waters of the central Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 54(10): 1744-1757 (PDF).
Moisander PH, Shiue L, Steward GF, Jenkins BD, Bebout BM, Zehr JP (2006) Application of an oligonucleotide microarray for profiling diversity of N2-fixing microorganisms and nifH gene expression in marine microbial mats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 8(10): 1721-1735 (PDF).
Workman M, Nigro OD, Steward GF (2006) Identification of prophages in coastal water isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Young Investigators 15 (PDF).
Brum JR, Steward GF, Jiang S, Jellison R (2005) Spatial and Temporal variability of prokaryotes, viruses, and viral infections of prokaryotes in an alkaline, hypersaline lake. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 41: 247-260 (PDF).
Fandino LB, Riemann L, Steward GF, Azam F (2005) Population dynamics of Cytophaga-Flavobacteria during marine phytoplankton blooms analyzed by quantitative (TaqMan) PCR. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 40: 251-257 (PDF).
Stotts S, Nigro OD, Fowler TL, Fujioka RS, Steward GF, 2005. Virulence and antibiotic resistance gene combinations among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from coastal waters of Oahu, Hawaii. Journal of Young Investigators 12(4) (PDF).
Steward GF (2005) Viruses in Mono Lake Mono Lake Newsletter 17 (2): 7 (PDF).
Brum JR, Steward GF, Karl DM (2004) A novel method for the measurement of dissolved deoxyribonucleic acid in seawater Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2: 248-255 (PDF).
Jenkins BD, Steward GF, Short SM, Ward BB, Zehr JP (2004) Fingerprinting diazotroph communities in the Chesapeake Bay estuary using a DNA macroarray Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70(3): 1767-1776 (PDF).
Jiang SC, Steward GF, Jellison R, Chu W, Choi S (2004) Abundance, distribution and diversity of viruses in alkaline, hypersaline, Mono Lake, California. Microbial Ecology 47: 9-17 (PDF).
Steward GF, Zehr JP, Jellison R, Montoya JP, Hollibaugh JT (2004) Vertical distribution of nitrogen-fixing phylotypes in a meromictic, hypersaline lake. Microbial Ecology 47: 30-40 (PDF).
Steward GF, Jenkins BD, Ward BB, Zehr JP (2004) Development and testing of a DNA macroarray to assess nitrogenase (nifH) gene diversity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70(3): 1455-1465 (PDF).
Suzuki M, Preston CM, Béja O, De La Torre JR, Steward GF, DeLong DF (2004) Phylogenetic screening of ribosomal RNA gene-containing clones in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries from different depths in Monterey Bay. Microbial Ecology 48(4): 473-488 (PDF).
Middelboe M, Riemann L, Steward GF, Hansen V, Nybroe O (2003) Virus-induced transfer of organic carbon between marine bacteria in a model community. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 33(1): 1-10 (PDF).
Zehr JP, Jenkins BD, Short SM, Steward GF (2003) Nitrogenase gene diversity and microbial community structure: a cross-system comparison. Environmental Microbiology 5(7): 539-554 (PDF).
Ducklow HW, Carlson C, Church M, Kirchman D, Smith D, Steward GF (2001) The seasonal development of the bacterioplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, Antarctica 1994-1997. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 48(19-20): 4199-4221 (PDF).
Ducklow HW, Smith DC, Campbell L, Landry MR, Quinby HL, Steward GF, Azam F (2001) Heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the Arabian Sea: Basinwide response to year-round high primary productivity. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 48(6-7): 1303-1323 (PDF).
Fandino LB, Riemann L, Steward GF, Long RA, Azam F (2001) Variations in bacterial community structure during a dinoflagellate bloom analyzed by DGGE and 16S rDNA sequencing. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 23(2): 119-130 (PDF).
Kirchman DL, Meon B, Ducklow HW, Carlson CA, Hansell DA, Steward GF (2001) Glucose fluxes and concentrations of dissolved combined neutral sugars (polysaccharides) in the Ross Sea and Polar Front Zone, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 48(19-20): 4179-4197 (PDF).
Noble RT, Steward GF (2001) Estimating viral proliferation in aquatic samples. In: Paul, J.H. (Ed.), Marine Microbiology. Academic Press, Ltd., London, pp. 67-84.
Steward GF (2001) Fingerprinting viral assemblages by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. In: Paul, J.H. (Ed.), Marine Microbiology. Academic Press, Ltd., London, pp. 85-103 (PDF).
Zehr JP, Waterbury JB, Turner PJ, Montoya JP, Omoregie E, Steward GF, Hansen A, Karl DM (2001) Unicellular cyanobacteria fix N-2 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nature 412: 635-638 (PDF).
Ducklow HW, Dickson ML, Kirchman DL, Steward G, Orchardo J, Marra J, Azam F (2000) Constraining bacterial production, conversion efficiency and respiration in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, January-February, 1997. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 47(15-16): 3227-3247 (PDF).
Garrison DL, Gowing MM, Hughes MP, Campbell L, Caron DA, Dennett MR, Shalapyonok A, Olson RJ, Landry MR, Brown SL, Liu HB, Azam F, Steward GF, Ducklow HW, Smith DC (2000) Microbial food web structure in the Arabian Sea: a US JGOFS study. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 47(7-8): 1387-1422 (PDF).
Grossart HP, Steward GF, Martinez J, Azam F (2000) A simple, rapid method for demonstrating bacterial flagella. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(8): 3632-3636 (PDF).
Riemann L, Steward GF, Azam F (2000) Dynamics of bacterial community composition and activity during a mesocosm diatom bloom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(2): 578-587 (PDF) (Erratum PDF).
Rohwer F, Segall A, Steward G, Seguritan V, Breitbart M, Wolven F, Azam F (2000) The complete genomic sequence of the marine phage Roseophage SIO1 shares homology with nonmarine phages. Limnology and Oceanography 45(2): 408-418 (PDF).
Steward GF, Azam F (2000) Analysis of marine viral assemblages. In: Bell, C.R., Brylinski, M., Johnson-Green, P. (Eds.), Microbial Biosystems: New Frontiers. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology, Halifax, pp 159-165 (PDF).
Steward GF, Montiel JL, Azam F (2000) Genome size distributions indicate variability and similarities among marine viral assemblages from diverse environments. Limnology and Oceanography 45(8): 1697-1706 (PDF).
Azam F, Catalano G, Celio M, Cozzi S, Negro PD, Vittor CD, Falconi C, Fandino L, Umani, SF, Lipizer M, Long R, Mozetic P, Puddu A, Ramani P, Steward G, Welker C, Zaccone R. (1999) Ruolo dei batteri eterotrofi nella trasformazione della sostanza organica essudata dalla frazione microfitoplanctonica. In: Funari, E. (Ed.), Alcuni studi su problematiche sanitarie per la salvagurdia del Mare Adriatico, Prima fase. Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, pp. 127-153.
Riemann L, Steward GF, Fandino LB, Campbell L, Landry MR, Azam F (1999) Bacterial community composition during two consecutive NE monsoon periods in the Arabian Sea studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of rRNA genes. Deep-Sea Research II 46: 1791-1811 (PDF).
Steward GF, Azam F (1999) Bromodeoxyuridine as an alternative to 3H-thymidine for measuring bacterial productivity in aquatic samples. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 19(1): 57-66 (PDF).
Martinez J, Smith DC, Steward GF, Azam F (1996) Variability in Ectohydrolytic Enzyme Activities of Pelagic Marine Bacteria and Its Significance for Substrate Processing in the Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 10(3): 223-230 (PDF).
Steward GF (1996) The ecology of marine bacteriophages and their contribution to bacterial mortality. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.
Steward GF, Smith DC, Azam F (1996) Abundance and Production of Bacteria and Viruses in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 131(1-3): 287-300 (PDF).
Smith DC, Steward GF, Long RA, Azam F (1995) Bacterial Mediation of Carbon Fluxes During a Diatom Bloom in a Mesocosm. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 42(1): 75-97 (PDF).
Azam F, Smith DC, Steward GF, Hagström Å (1994) Bacteria-organic matter coupling and its significance for oceanic carbon cycling. Microbial Ecology 28:167-179 (PDF).
Azam F, Steward GF, Smith DC, Ducklow HW (1994) Significance of Bacteria in Carbon Fluxes in the Arabian Sea. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences 103(2): 341-351 (PDF).
Cochlan WP, Wikner J, Steward GF, Smith DC, Azam F (1993) Spatial Distribution of Viruses, Bacteria and Chlorophyll-a in Neritic, Oceanic and Estuarine Environments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 92(1-2): 77-87 (PDF).
Wikner J, Vallino JJ, Steward GF, Smith DC, Azam F (1993) Nucleic acids from the host bacterium as a major source of nucleotides for three marine bacteriophages. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 12: 237-248 (PDF).
Hollibaugh JT, Wong PS, Azam F, Smith DC, Steward GF, Cole BE (1992) Measurement of bacterioplankton production in Antarctic coastal waters: comparison of thymidine and l-leucine methods and verification of labeling patterns. Antarctic Journal of the United States 27(5): 127-128 (PDF).
Smith DC, Steward GF, Azam, F, Hollibaugh, JT (1992) Virus and bacteria abundance in the Drake Passage during January and August 1991. Antarctic Journal of the United States 27: 125-127 (PDF).
Steward GF, Wikner J, Cochlan WP, Smith DC, Azam F (1992) Estimation of virus production in the sea: II. Field results. Marine Microbial Food Webs 6: 79-90 (PDF).
Steward GF, Wikner J, Smith DC, Cochlan WP, Azam F (1992) Estimation of virus production in the sea: I. Method development. Marine Microbial Food Webs 6: 57-78 (PDF).
Chang HM, Berde CB, Holz IV GG, Steward GF, Kream RM (1989) Sufentanil, morphine, met-enkephalin, and kappa-agonist (U-50,488H) inhibit substance P release from primary sensory neurons: a model for presynaptic spinal opioid actions. Anesthesiology 70(5): 672-677 (PDF).