COBOTs offer advantages over traditional robots 

Reducing the need for path programming, enhancing safety for human interaction, and improving user-friendliness and productivity

COBOT simplifies path planning in patterned additive manufacturing by using teaching points 

A complex deposition pattern can be represented by a few key coordinates 

Solid state fabrication without melting the base materials 

Heat generated by friction softens the material which is stirred by a rotating tool for the processing

Ideal for low melting point materials such as aluminum and magnesium alloys. However, steels and titanium alloys are also processed for various industries 

Used in both welding and additive manufacturing 

Microstructure prediction helps in tailoring parameters to achieve desired material properties 

Microstructure prediction produces pieces of superior quality with fewer interior faults like pores and cracks

A better understanding and control over the microstructure can result in more dependable and long-lasting components 

Having predictive microstructure models helps manufacturers save time and money by minimizing material waste

Steep thermal gradients induce uneven expansion and contraction; higher gradients increase residual stress. 

Leads to distortions, residual tensile or compressive forces, potential microcracking, and reduced fatigue life

Lower residual stress through controlled cooling rates, optimized tool path strategies, post-process heat treatments like stress relief annealing 

Numerical and analytical models and back-of-the-envelop calculations are useful for predicting and controlling stresses 

A subset of AI involves algorithms and statistical models 

Uses input data to identify patterns, categorize data, forecast, and improve performance over time

In manufacturing, machine learning may detect possible flaws, enabling prompt action and enhanced part reliability 

Grain size, texture, and phase distribution can be controlled for desired mechanical properties by using machine learning to understand better correlations 

One of the most widely used manufacturing processes 

Use high energy laser, electron beam, or electric arc to melt and join materials of different shapes and sizes

Used in a wide variety of industries. Welding engineers can find jobs in various companies. 

Science and technology of fusion welding is of high interest to the research community for a long time 

Represents virtual replicas of the physical hardware 

Primarily used for virtual testing of machines, processes, and systems for different industries

Primary building blocks include mechanistic and statistical models, sensing and control, machine learning, and big data 

Rapidly emerging field of study in manufacturing including additive manufacturing and welding