The memory of the victory meets the needs of Russians since it compensates for the deficit of national pride and a sense of community. This may be particularly important today because reality does not provide reasons for contentment (due to low standards of living, widespread corruption, a lack of upward social mobility etc.). In this context, the individual memory of Stalinist repression and the period of the Great Purge, which brought about individual tragedies for nearly every Russian family, fades into the background since it causes cognitive dissonance and overcomplicates the idealised image of the past. Furthermore, many Russians have relatives who have participated in the repression apparatus and this makes them reluctant to deal with the past. There is a clear tendency to justify the repression and to present it as a necessary cost, incurred by individuals, in order to accomplish spectacular success for the state. This rhetoric falls on fertile ground due to the widespread conviction in Russia that the good of an individual is generally less valued than the good of the state. This perception is corroborated by cross-cultural research which indicates that Russians value individualism less than other European nations, whereas they have a larger sense of distance towards power and a greater awareness of diversified roles in society[20]. On the other hand, the government does not allow people to freely express their individual memory in the public sphere, thus blocking bottom-up attempts to collectively deal with the trauma and to assess the past.

Monuments to Stalin will cease to be built in Russia when it becomes clear in the social consciousness that the Soviet regime was as criminal as the Nazi one. This will be possible only if the action carried out by Stalin and his aides are fully examined and assessed from the legal point of view.

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[5] This expression was first used by Stalin and is now quite popular in Russia since it emphasises the huge scale of the war and confers an existential character on the victory. In line with the Russian narrative, the war lasted from mid-1941 to May 1945; it did not however cover the period of military and economic co-operation between the USSR and the Third Reich.

[7] According to the statistics presented on the website -country.ru/articles/sssr/sov_governor/stalin/00136.html at present there are 93 monuments to Stalin in Russia. This data is difficult to verify. The list was published in February 2016, since then the number of the monuments might have increased.

[11] The Soviet ice cream, popularised by the famous USSR commissioner Anastas Mikoyan, was regarded as a high-quality product made from natural ingredients. The fact that producers referred to the past era is a savvy marketing trick based on the sentimental attachment present in Russian society. 152ee80cbc

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