SEM-IV(Minor)

Inorganic Chemistry-III

Covalent Bonding, Molecular Orbital Approach, Weak Chemical Forces (14 L)

a. Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples from s and p block elements of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and octahedral arrangements. Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds.

b. MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s, s-p, and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st and 2nd periods (including idea of s- p mixing).

c. Weak Chemical Forces: van der Waals forces, ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, induced dipole interactions, Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions. Repulsive forces, Hydrogen bonding (theories of hydrogen bonding, valence bond treatment). Effects of chemical forces, melting and boiling points, and solubility energetics of the dissolution process.

Chemistry of p-block Elements (13 L)

Relative stability of different oxidation states, diagonal relationship, and anomalous behavior of the first member of each group. Group trends in electronic configuration, modification of pure elements, common oxidation states, and inert pair effect. Allotropy and catenation. Study of the following compounds with emphasis on structure, bonding, preparation, properties, and uses: Boric acid and borates, boron nitrides, borohydrides (diborane) and graphitic compounds, silanes, Oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, and chlorine.

Organic Chemistry-III

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (09 L)

Alcohols: (up to 5 Carbons). Preparation: 1°-, 2°- and 3°- alcohols: using Grignard reagent, reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and esters; Reactions: With sodium, HX (Lucas test), oxidation (alkaline KMnO4, acidic dichromate, concentrated HNO3); Oppenauer oxidation;

Diols: Preparation (with OsO4); pinacol- pinacolone rearrangement (with mechanism) (with symmetrical diols only).

Phenols: Preparation: cumene hydroperoxide method, from diazonium salts; acidic nature of phenols; Reactions: electrophilic substitution: nitration and halogenations; Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Houben–Hoesch condensation, Schotten–Baumann reaction, Fries rearrangement and Claisen rearrangement.

Ethers: Preparation: Williamson’s ether synthesis; Reaction: cleavage of ethers with HI.

Carbonyl Compounds (09 L)

Aldehydes and Ketones (aliphatic and aromatic): (Formaldehye, acetaldehyde, acetone and benzaldehyde): Preparation: from acid chlorides, from nitriles and from Grignard reagents; general properties of aldehydes and ketones; Reactions: with HCN, ROH, NaHSO3, NH2-G derivatives and with Tollens’ and Fehling’s reagents; iodoform test; aldol condensation (with mechanism); Cannizzaro reaction (with mechanism), Wittig reaction, benzoin condensation; Clemmensen reduction, Wolff-Kishner reduction and Meerwein-Pondorff-Verley (MPV) reduction.