We have read the forum discussions about the RMII ref clock not supporting the clock-out operation. So our questions is how should we set it up? Should we just use a 50mhz external clock and connect it to RMII_REF_CLK and a phy as shown in the attached schematic? Are we missing anything? In order for this to work, what else should we be doing (any register settings, etc)? Thanks for your help.
You should perform a timing analysis of the interface using the Switching Characteristics and Timing Requirement values from each device (AM335x and attached RMII PHY) datasheet along with actual PCB delays. You may find it is necessary to adjust signal trace lengths to optimize trace delays to provide margin for all timing requirements. For example, you may find the 50 MHz reference clock needs to be injected closer to one end of the reference clock signal connecting the two devices.
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You will need to configure the PADCONF register for each AM335x IO that connects to the RMII PHY to make sure you have selected the correct mux mode and turned on the receivers of any IOs that are operating as inputs.
Some Ethernet PHYs share configuration functions on their RMII IOs. If that is the case for your PHY, you may need to evaluate the effect of AM335x internal pull resistors on the PHYs configuration pins.
Thanks a lot for your guiding responses. We will take your notes into consideration. One last question before we close this issue and I guess I should have asked this first: What is the purpose of having a clock input at RMII_REF_CLK pin? Normally this pin is supposed to be an output and if we are using an external clock to the phy, why should we be connecting the same clock to the AM335x? Is it to sync clocks with the phy somehow but isn't the MDCLK for that purpose? What happens if we leave RMII_REF_CLK floating? Thanks.
MDIO is a two signal interface, where one is a clock that originates from the MAC and the other is bi-directional data signal. This interface is used by the MAC to read/write configuration information in the PHY and read status from the PHY.
RMII is used to transfer TX and RX Ethernet data between the MAC and PHY. The 50 MHz reference clock is a signal that synchronizes the RMII data transfers. So you need the reference clock for RMII to transfer data. RMII was originally defined to use a separate clock source that would source both MAC and PHY sides of RMII. Some MACs and PHYs may provide enhanced capabilities of sourcing the reference clock to the attached device. However, this may be problematic since the device sourcing the clock will see the clock transition before the attached device sees the clock transition due to propagation delay introduced by the PCB trace. This could reduce or eliminate timing margin necessary to achieve valid data transfers.
Quickly changing into his green gown, Dr. Maslah hurried to the operating theatre in South Galkayo hospital to perform an emergency operation on a young man who has been stabbed. "The call came at 8 p.m.," he said. "By 10 p.m. we were in theatre and by 11 p.m. we had managed to stabilize the patient."
The following morning, relatives of the patient gathered in the hospital chatting, and sometimes even laughing loudly, as they receive news that the young man is going to be fine. They reassure friends and other relatives who arrive, having rushed to the hospital fearing the worst.
Surgery is just one of the services MSF provides in South Galkayo hospital, where some patients come from as far away as Ethiopia to receive care. MSF also operates an outpatient department, an inpatient department, a busy maternity ward and tuberculosis center. Every month MSF gives almost 4,000 outpatient consultations, admitting around 120 people for inpatient care and delivering more than 100 babies.
Prolonged drought, coupled with fighting and high food prices means the therapeutic feeding center is often packed to capacity. Pointing to a queue of frustrated women holding weak, dehydrated babies waiting to be admitted, nutritional supervisor Jibril explains: "Every month we admit several cases of diarrhea, measles, dehydration, and sometimes meningitis. But now severe acute malnutrition is becoming the most common problem. We are currently treating 90 patients in a space meant for only 60."
The burn marks on the bodies of a number of the young babies in the feeding center shows that many of the mothers first turned to traditional healers for treatment and only come to the hospital as a last resort.
In sharp contrast to the group is a woman with a big smile standing at the door of the feeding center. In one arm she carries a healthy baby and in the other she holds a bag containing the family food ration she has been given by MSF to take home. She raises her voice above the deafening noise of the crying children to thank one of the staff. "She has been here for quite some time and today she is returning home with a healthy baby," says Jibril.
MSF staff like Jibril and Dr. Maslah work around the clock at South Galkayo hospital with many other committed Somali staff to provide health care to a community in dire need. "The staff at this hospital save many lives," says Dr. Maslah.
U.S. forces are redeploying to Somalia, reversing a withdrawal initiated in the last days of President Donald Trump's administration. In doing so, the U.S. is turning back the clock and readopting its old counterterrorism strategies. But reinvigorating a war with no tangible benefit to the American public should prompt skepticism.
First, there's no clear link between this mission and the security of the American people. Somalia's sole geostrategic value is its proximity to the Bab el-Mandeb, a chokepoint near the Red Sea important to international trade. But the threat to shipping in this sea lane is overstated and at historic lows. Moreover, the presence of U.S. ground forces doesn't counter this threat. Ground forces can conduct raids on terror cells and advise and assist local authorities, but this doesn't translate into diminished capabilities among terrorist groups. The base of support for these groups remains unchanged, so military success won't always produce strategic success.
To be sure, Al-Shabaab, the main terrorist group in Somalia, should be combatted diplomatically. But the group's aims are local, not transnational. Because Americans aren't in the crosshairs, the risk to servicemembers isn't commensurate with this threat, nor are the high costs of employing U.S. ground forces and accompanying air support.
Foreign policy analysts often employ the "safe havens" argument, namely that security vacuums will enable terrorists to strike worldwide. But this ignores both the capabilities and motives of groups like Al-Shabaab. Al-Shabaab's membership draws nearly exclusively from the Horn of Africa, and its ability to threaten attacks is limited to this region.
The cure may be worse than the disease. By employing U.S. forces directly, Washington runs the risk that militant attacks which would otherwise be internally-focused will spread to include U.S. troops or American personnel. Furthermore, it encourages Al-Shabaab to draw closer to explicitly anti-American groups like Al-Qaeda, which it aligned with in 2012. Al-Qaeda had no natural home in Somalia, but much like in Iraq, the U.S. troop presence enabled this alien group to gain traction.
The whack-a-mole strategy used to decapitate and attrite terror groups is also neither effective nor economical. Hundreds of strikes over the last two decades have not resulted in the collapse of Al-Shabaab. Bureaucratic inertia and the bias of "do somethingism" have pushed policymakers to employ a strategy that is politically salient but decoupled from the realities of what military power can achieve. If Washington wants to secure the minimal American interests in the region, it needs to reckon with these realities.
Policymakers should first recognize that a light footprint strategy isn't a magic formula for success. While a light footprint is better than a heavy footprint in diminishing costs of blood and treasure, it employs the same underlying logic as a heavy footprint. This logic suggests that sufficient military power will defeat terrorist groups or will undermine them to the point of irrelevance.
A few assumptions underpin this strategy. First, that U.S. power is indispensable. Second, that U.S. military power can deliver the results we desire. These are both flawed. Local populations, being the most important potential asset for terrorist groups, are not persuaded by U.S. smart bombs or special forces raids. Moreover, Al-Shabaab is not ascendant. They are targeted not just by Somali forces, but by Ethiopian and Kenyan forces as well. U.S. power is substitutable.
U.S. military power is also not tailored to this threat. As counterinsurgency doctrine lays out, combating a nonstate actor is about fostering legitimacy. This is not something that special forces operators, advisors, or air support can provide. It requires making inroads with the population, which the U.S. needs to leave to Somalia and its neighbors.
The U.S. mission in Somalia is a peripheral concern with no strategic value. Diplomatic power should be the cornerstone of U.S. policy in the Horn of Africa. We've had a year to see how withdrawal from Somalia affected U.S. security. Americans weren't attacked, the region didn't collapse and the sky didn't fall. U.S. decision makers should recommit to the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Somalia and resist the urge to rehash failed strategies.
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In this lesson, we will delve into the topic of telling time in Somali. The ability to tell time is an essential skill in any language, as it allows us to coordinate our daily activities and communicate effectively with others. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to confidently ask and answer questions about time in Somali, including hours and minutes. So let's get started! 152ee80cbc
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