Types of Instructional Aids: Projected & non–projected Aids, Projectors, Radio, Tape Recorder, Television, Films, Computers, whiteboard, Smartboard, e-Flash Cards, Educational Toys 

Projected visual aids:

Projected visual aids are pictures shown up on a screen by use of a certain type of machine such as a filmstrip projector, slide projector, overhead projector, or TV/VCR.  

Advantages of projected visuals:

• Provides greater enjoyment in learning

• Stimulates more rapid learning

• Increases retention: larger percentages and longer retention  

• Makes teaching situation adaptable to a wider range

• Compels attention

• Enlarges or reduces actual size of objects

• Brings distant past and the present into the classroom

• Provides an easily reproduced record of an event

• Influences and changes attitudes  

Non-Projected Aids

1. Graphic Aids:

Graphic aids are visual aids such as graphs, diagrams, charts, etc., and are represented on a plane surface. Graphic aids help to present data systematically in an abridged form. Graphics could truly be considered as the short hand language of the idea conveyed by the data concerned. The principal categories of graphic aids are described below.  

• Graphs: The nature of the relation of two dependent variables could be very easily presented by graphical representation. Graphs could be interpreted and inferences drawn easily. Line graph, bar graph, pie graph, etc. are different types of graphs.  

• Diagrams: Diagrams could be used to easily explain many facts at the same time, by using a variety of symbols and labels. Diagrams can explain facts more vividly than charts.  

• Posters: Posters are bold and attractive representations of an idea concept and are usually given in color. Posters capture the eye and convey the desired message.

• Maps: A map is a cute representation of the boundaries and other details of the continents, countries, etc. on a plane surface, in the form of a diagram drawn to scale. A variety of geographical details like location of mountains and rivers, altitudes of places, contours of the earth's surface, important cities and other places etc. can be represented accurately with reference to a convenient scale & following a suitable color scheme.  

• Cartoons: A cartoon is a metaphorical, humorous & exaggerated caricature of a person or a situation, in the form of a picture or a sketch. By the humorous or satirical presentation, it attracts the attention of viewers.  

• Comics: A comic strip is a form of cartoon depicting a story in sequence. The events are arranged in the proper order in an attractive pictorial form that is normally appealing to lower age groups.  

• Flash cards: Flash card is an aid liberally used in language lessons, especially in the lower classes. This facilitates immediate feedback of comprehension and skill in silent reading; hence, the name flash card.  

• Pictures & photographs: Pictures & photographs play a significant role in making ideas clear & comprehensive.

• Charts: A chart may be defined as a combination of graphic & pictorial media designed for the orderly & logically visualizing of relationships between key facts & ideas. The most used charts are flip charts, flow charts, display charts, tabular charts, tree charts & time chart.  

2. Display Board:  

The stereotyped atmosphere of the traditional classroom, libraries & corridors of schools is recently giving way to attractive & educational surroundings with a wealth of display materials. Display may be categorized into three main types according to functions they perform, namely, motivational, developmental & summarizing.  

Types Of Display Boards

• Blackboard: It is one of the simplest & oldest of visual aids. It is like a magnifying glass in the hands of a teacher. Blackboard planning is a precious skill to be developed by any teacher.

• Roll –up chalk board: These are usually made of thick rexin cloth. The charts & pictures can be drawn on it well in advance and presented as & when required.  

• Flannelboard: Flannel boards have a fiber surface to which similar materials will adhere. This can be prepared by stretching a suitable size of flannel cloth on a heavy cardboard. Only flat, lightweight teaching materials can be used on flannel boards.  

• Magnetic board: A magnetic display will be useful to show the relative movement of elements of a visual. A sheet of iron together with a piece of magnet can be used for the magnetic board.  

• Bulletin board: As the name indicates, it is a board for exhibiting bulletins, new items, announcements, and multifarious items of visual display to be communicated to the students. It is an information-giving device.

• Marker board: This is a large sheet of white plastic board with a surface texture suitable for writing or drawing with felt-tippens, marker, or crayons. This can be used in the same way as chalk boards

Three – Dimensional Aids:

• Models: Models are concrete representations of objects; their size being adjusted to make them handy & conveniently observable. These are mostly three-dimensional or sectional & can clearly exhibit the structure of functions of the original. Most often models prove to be more effective than the real ones.

• Objects: Objects may be defined as the real things collected from their natural settings.

• Specimen: A specimen may be defined as a typical object or part of an object, which has been removed for convenient observation. It may be a representative of a class or group of similar objects.

• Mock-ups: When direct firsthand experience is either impractical or impossible, mock-ups can be used. A mock-up is an operating model usually of a process, designed to be worked out directly by the learner for specific training or analyses. Mock–up is an imitation of the real process.

• Puppets: For thousands of years puppets have been used to stimulate reality, to entertain and to pass on knowledge. The most commonly used puppets are hand puppets, glove and finger puppets, rod puppets, and string & shadow puppets.

• Audio aids: Radio & tape recorder are the most important teaching aids used for teaching & learning.

• Radio: Radio adds variety experiences. It is a powerful medium for mass communication. It also plays a major role in imparting instructions to school children’s through educational broadcast provided on specific days at specific school hours. Talks and classes based on prescribed syllabi of the various objects are given.

Tape recorder: A tape recorder is used to record sound on magnetic tape which can be reproduced at will as many times as required. It is a very effective aid for classroom instruction. The recorded tapes consisting of lessons handled by eminent teachers on any subjects can be played in class.

Films: Although the motion film is mostly used in-group situations, the librarian should encourage individual use as well. Preparing a film catalog, which quite frequently in a book or as a separate computer listing, is an essential tool for the multimedia center staff and the user. Preparing film programs to coincide with special events, holidays, and cultural affairs that affect the community served by the library. Although some users will want to see a film on the library premises, and many use it in-group situations and want to reserve a film so that it will be available when the group convenes.

Documentary Films: There are many ways to categorize films in the library collection, but it is recommended that they be assigned to three major  categories: the feature film, the educational film and the art film, which are called as “Documentaries”. The film collection is generally devoted to entertainment, information, and     cultural enrichment. The educational film should contain a learning objective;        it will supplement, or be supplemented by, other forms of information media. Of the three types of films, the art film usually the shortest, ranging form about 5 to 20 minutes of playing time. Art films are extremely popular in public libraries; they provide users with films that are unavailable from any other source. Subsumed under the categories of feature, educational, and art films are a host of film tapes; history films, science films, cartoons, mystery films, horror films, comedy films,  biographical films, and so on. Once the decision is made to acquire a film or a particular type of film for the library collection, the next task is to find what films are available in any given category. The task of selecting a film is a demanding one, but in terms of both the film’s relatively high cost and the number of film titles available for selection, it is a worthwhile endeavor.

SMART Board:A SMART Board is one brand of interactive whiteboard. At its simplest,

an interactive whiteboard allows you to project an image and 'interact' with it by writing on it or moving it around. The SMARTBoard is connected to a computer and works with a projector. The projector displays what is open on the computer and, rather than using a mouse or keyboard (although you can use those also), the SMART Board is a touch screen, which allows you to manipulate anything on the screen using your fingers. It is similar  to how you would use a tablet or iPad. Special pens are included in a SMART Board to make writing in different colors  quick and easy.

Older versions of the SMART Board only worked with one point of contact on the board, so multiple people could not be touching the board at the same time. The upgraded SMART Board 800 and newer models are equipped with multi-touch technology, which allow up to four students to collaborate using the board by responding to multiple touches at the sametime. This means two students could be solving a math problem at the same time on the board or labeling a diagram to get easily.

e-Flashcards: In addition to effective methodologies of learning such as mind mapping, note-taking and analyzing; flashcard plays a vital role in motivating learner’s ability to synthesize and memorize information.Flashcards began to appear in the 19th century, bringing significant benefits to learners. Nowadays, it is digitized in the real mode Learning, which we call e-flashcard. e-flashcard helps with every single basic detail to build a foundation of knowledge. Let’s say that e-flashcard provides you with basic but essential elements. Just like when you want to build a house, you need to collect every single brickfirst.        Without this foundation of knowledge, you cannot comprehend the subject or broadeny our advanced knowledge. Many subjects use e-flashcards as a tool to help learners better memorize the facts, notions or formulas.You can also use it to test learner’s under standing of different fields such as a foreign language, chemistry diagrams, historical dates, and formulas. e-flashcards make learning available for you in anywhere and at any time.

Educational Toys:

Research shows that learning through play is an important part of a child’s development. Ensuring your child has enough playtime is a great benefit to families, allowing their children to release some extra energy. A child begins to find out who they are through play, even during infancy.

Even early in development, a child’s mind is expanding just by looking at their environment and taking in their surroundings.

The use of educational toys can help children learn many different skills they will need in their life. Educational toys can help develop problem-solving skills, teach about conflict resolution, and how cause and effect work. It also teaches children about sharing, helps develop their fine and gross motor skills, and nurtures their creativity and imagination.

Children can start benefiting from educational toys as early as one month old. Here are some great ideas for educational toys based on age range and an explanation of their benefits.

Note - Part II

Use of Multimedia in Education

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.

Multimedia includes a combination of

§ Text

§     Audio

§     Still images

§     Animation video

§     Interactivity content forms.

Multimedia is one of the important innovations ii the field of educational technology to improve the process and product of teaching – learning. The multimedia approach consisting of the use of many appropriate and carefully selected devices, techniques and media in such a combination as to yield in the most effective realization of the teaching- learning objectives in a best possible way.

The term multimedia approach to teaching – learning may be referred to the use of appropriate and carefully selected varieties of learning experiences which when presented to the learner through selected teaching strategies, will reinforce and strengthen one another in such a way that the learner will achieve predetermined objectives in an effective way.

CHARACTERISTICS

Multimedia presentations can be viewed in person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locally with a media player.

Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology.

The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users' experience.

Online multimedia is increasingly becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms of content over time.

TYPES OF MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia format includes: Audio, Capture on tape, Function of Photography, Slideshows The following extensions commonly used to lay up multimedia documentation:

·         MOV

·         MP4

·         3GP

·         VOB

·         FLV.

·         Files with extension MOV are used to lay up capture on film and song in order.

·         MP4 is fundamentally identical to MOV format and lone differs by provided that roughly added metadata.

·         MPEG is a align of compressions methods designed for audio and visual data.

·         3GP on PC may perhaps be viewed VLC media player, RealPlayer, QuickTime, GOM Player and Media Player Classic.

·         File Extension VOB (Video Object) is commonly locate such documents in DVD-Video media.

·         File Extension FLV is used to deposit Macromedia Flash Player collection. It can assign vector graphics, spill videocassette, audio and text.

FEATURES OF MULTIMEDIA

·         Text

·         Audio

·         Pictures

·         Video

·         Animation

·         Interactivity

TEXT

Text is the most widely used and flexible means of presenting information on screen and conveying ideas.

Text is an essential aspect of presenting the information.

Like each element of the multimedia design, effective use of text can either direct users/readers attention or divert it.

AUDIO

Audio refers to sound. Multimedia can include files which contain sounds. Audio songs also come under the heading multimedia.

Multimedia presentations often have some audio tracks which makes it easier for people to understand.

Multimedia phones have music players to run audio music. Various audio software include VLC media player, real player, etc. PICTURES

Pictures(images) is a two-dimensional screen display, and as well as a three-dimensional, such as a statue or hologram.

Graphs, pie-charts, painting etc. all come under images.

Images are a very useful feature of multimedia. Multimedia presentation uses pictures or clip-art to make people understand.

Various file formats of images are .jpg, .png, .gif etc.

VIDEO

A video is unedited material as it had been originally filmed by movie camera or recorded by a video camera.

The embedding of video in multimedia applications is a powerful way to convey information which can incorporate a personal element which other media lack.

Video enhances, dramatizes, and gives impact to your multimedia application.

The advantage of integrating video into a multimedia presentation is the capacity to effectively convey a great deal of information in the least amount of time.

ANIMATION

Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions

in order to create an illusion of movement.

The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision. Animation adds visual impact to the multimedia project.

Animation are used in cartoons, scientific visualization.

INTERACTIVITY

·         Interactivity can be termed as the dialog that occurs between an individual and a computer program.

·         Interactive multimedia refers to the multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate rather than being passive recipients of information.

·         Technologies such as DVDs and digital TV are classic examples of interactive media devices, where a user can control what they watch and when.

·         Interactivity also relates to new media art technologies where humans and animals are able to interact with and change the course of an artwork

MULTIMEDIA TODAY

·         Multimedia and its related applications have almost become synonymous with modern technology; given the kind of explosion the technological realm has seem.

·         Multimedia makes our life easier several times fold. It is through multimedia that mobile phones can be used for a number of purposes.

·         With the introduction of newer generation of mobile phones and more advanced communication protocols, the number of multimedia uses that your phone can be put to keeps growing.

·         Video conferencing which enables people across global borders to communicate with each other in real time is an excellent example of how multimedia has benefited the world of communications and telephony.

SCOPE OF MULTIMEDIA

·         The technology of multimedia design utilizes various features like animation, video, graphics, audio and sound to impress the users.

·         Multimedia technology is used for 3D cinema applications and mobile 3DTV environments.

·         Animation is also being used in titling films, creating special effects or in web entertainment programs. Thus scope of animation is huge in context to market.

·         In the field of education multimedia is being used extensively especially for  online courses and trainings.

·         Multimedia is also used in advertising purposes.

ADVANTAGES

·         Multimedia enhances the effect of text presentations.

·         Improves the quality of presentation and retains the attention of audience.

·         It can be used for educational as well as entertainment purpose.

·         It is quick and easier to operate for the instructor.

·         Multimedia presentations can be modified very easily.

·         Multimedia is Entertaining as Well as Educational.

Dis-advantages:-

·         Non-interactive – if one-way, no feedback.

·         Complex to create.

·         Time consuming.

·         Use of multimedia is expensive.

MULTIMEDIA APPROACH

Multimedia approach is an approach of teaching in which different mediums are incorporated to make the teaching-learning more effective, enthusiastic, inspirational, meaningful & interesting.

ROLE OF TEACHER IN MULTIMEDIA APPROACH

Ø  The teacher has to learn and adopt a number of methods and techniques like question – answer, demonstrating, problem solving, analytic – synthetic, assignment depending the demands of teaching - learning situation.

Ø  Teacher has to learn the use and application of different media, select and utilize them in proper combination for the attainment of teaching –learning objectives in a particular instructional situation.

Ø  Teacher has to gain mastery over the use of different media in terms of methods and strategies, auto instructions, mass instruction media, a-v aids, media for gaining living experiences, teaching and reading materials.

Ø  He has to make his students active participants in the process of learning instead of remaining passive.

Ø  The teacher should design the learning experiences in such a way that the students may be able to proceed on the path of learning quite independently.

Ø  The teacher has to lead his students for independent individualized learning with the use of television lessons, audio-video cassette, recorded and printed programmed materials, teaching machine, and CAI etc.

Ø  The teacher has to make learning a living and co-operative process by giving group activities like seminar, symposium, workshops and interacting with the people in real work situation.

Ø  The lecturer has to play a very constructive role in making his students learn the things in a quite practical way by giving through concrete and living experiences

Instructional Aids

Teaching aids are the tools that teachers use them in the classroom such as flash cards, maps, cassette and blackboard. A teaching aid is a tool used by teachers to help learners improve reading and other skills, illustrate or reinforce a skill, fact, or idea, and relieve anxiety, fears, or boredom, since many teaching aids are like games.

Categories of Teaching Aids

1)   Audio Aids

2)   Visual Aid

3)   Audio – Visual Aid

         aid imply, “anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or the sense of sight.”

CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

1.  Projected Aids Opaque projectors Slides

Film strips

Overhead projectors LCD panels

Slide projector(magic lantern) Epidiascope

Slide cum film strip projector Films ( video materials)

2.  Non-projected Aids

Radio

Tape Recorder Language Lab Cartoons Charts Comics Diagrams Flash cards Graphs

Maps Photographs Pictures Posters

Printed material Black board Bulletin board Flannel board Magnetic board Diagrams Models Puppets Specimens

1.  OPAQUE PROJECTOR

A device which displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object A system of mirrors, prisms and/or imaging lenses is used to focus an image of the material onto a viewing screen

·         projectors require brighter bulbs

·         larger lenses

·         Care to be taken to prevent material damage

·         Not very common ADVANTAGES

·         graphic aids are projected with magnification

·         tracing enlarged images

·         no need of clipping picture from book resources

·         Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves etc. can also be projected

·         seen conveniently by a large number of students

·         Teaching material of various sizes can be used

·         language reading lessons

·         stamp size to that of 20cmx250cm size pictures.

·         helps in preparation of graphic aids DISADVANTAGES

·         Demands total darkness

·         Bulky machine

·         Electricity required

·         Difficult maintenance

2. SLIDE

A slide is a still transparency of 70mm, 35mm or 6mm size which is optically enlarged and projected on a screen as a real image

4 KINDS OF SLIDES CAN BE MADE BY TEACHER

·         Marker slides

·         Cellophane slides

·         Silhouette slides

·         Etched glass slides Marker slide

·         a clean glass piece of right size

·         Draw picture or a diagram is with a fine tip marker pen

·         Hold glass piece in cardboard or wooden frame Silhouette slides

·         small cut outs from colour cellophanes are plated on the glass piece

·         another glass piece is plated over it

·         two are taped together

·         Or by drawing on cellophane piece and sticking it onto the glass piece ETCHED GLASS SLIDE

·         clean a glass piece thoroughly

·         rinse it with kerosene

·         Draw the diagram with crayon glass marking pencil ADVANTAGES OF SLIDES

·           They attract attention

·         They arouse interest

·         They assist lesson and development

·         They test student understanding

·         They review instruction

·         They facilitate teacher student participation DISADVANTAGES OF SLIDES

·         More time consumes for preparations of slides

·         They can only be seen with the help of slide projectors

·         Students can’t see the slides with the naked eyes

·         Expensive material is used for making the slides

·         Many errors occurs during preparation

3.  FILM STRIP

·         A filmstrip is one of the projective audio visual that a fixed sequence related still on a roll of 35 mm film.

·         The filmstrip can be projected backside of the map as convenience of the teaching situation demand.

·         A large number of subjects come with in the range of filmstrips.

·         The teacher only needs to tap the right type of strip for his teaching purpose. Preparations of Film strips

Filmstrips can be prepared either by employing photographic methods or by drawing picture by hand on the film itself.

·         The steps in preparation are

·         Select a suitable topic from the syllabus after considering the possibilities of depicting the subject matter by drawing photographs.

·         Prepare a detail script describing the contents of each frame indicating the method of preparing it. i.e. whether by at work or by photograph.

·         Make rough sketches of the figure on the paper so as to serve as guide when final sketches are drawn

·         Draw the sketches in suitable size

·         Arrange the drawings $ enlarged photographs

·         the material in correct sequence thus arranged using 36mm film camera & prepare negative.

·         Prepare the guidebook, which is to follow the filmstrips explaining the details of each frame.

Advantages

·         It is an economical visual materials

·         It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.

·         Takes up little space and can be easily stored.

·         Provides a logical sequence to the teaching procedure and the individual picture on the strip can be kept before the student for a length of time.

·         Film –strip can be projected on the screen or wall or paper screen as the convenience and the teaching situation demands.

·         It is available both in color & blank & white.

·         Good to use – afterward, have a discussion to see whether people have understood the subject.

DISADVANTAGES

·         Its frame connect be remove or substitute .

·         It this becomes necessary them the strip can be cut into slides & mounted

4.    SLIDE CUM FILM STRIP PROJECTOR

·         The slides and film strips are projected on a screen using an optical instrument called slide cum film strip projector

·         Technology same as opaque projectors

·         Cannot project 3 dimensional image

·         makes use of small photographs mounted on a slide STRUCTURE

·         consists of a metal case having a concave reflector

·         500 watt or 1000 watt straight filament bulb

·         set of concave lens called condenser to illuminate the slide

·         slid able set of convex lenses have objective which focuses the image of the slide on the screen.

·         The metal core is fitted with as small exhaust fan to blow out the excess heat.

·         a slide frame or a film strip carrier Using common slide cum film projector

·         Place the slide projector on a rigid and stable table.

·         Place the screen at an appropriate place

·         Insert the slide projector or film strip carrier in its place after opening the tube.

·         Mount a slide or film strip on its carrier

·         Insert the projector cord plug into the wall socket.

·         Darken the room

·         Switch on the cooling fan first and then the projection bulb.

·         Focus the image

·         Show the slide and explain

·         Insert the next slide

·         Present the slides or frames sequentially

·         switch off the bulb first then the cooling fan

·         unplug the slide projector and store it back in its box. ADVANTAGES OF SLIDE PROJECTIONS.

·         Requires simple skills

·         convenient aid for making classroom teaching interesting.

·         small in size

·         can be stored and also carried around easily

·         quite cheaper

·         a logical and sequential order of presentation

·         image in the screen can be held for any time interval

·         save time in teaching

·         Capture attention and interest of students

·         Interaction with students and group participation is possible

5.    OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

·         An OHP is an important electronic teaching aid.

·         This machine projects an image from a transparency

·         It will be advisable to switch off the bulbs of OHP for 5 minutes after every 10 minutes of use.

PREPARING A TRANSPARENCY

·         prepared by writing on cellophane sheets with the help of an OHP pen

·         Coloured pens

·         Xeroxing from any printed material

·         besides single transparency can be used on a roll ADVANTAGES OF OHP

·           teacher can face the class without any difficulty.

·         The teacher can maintain eye contact and observe the reactions of students.

·         Small objects can be shown on the machine simply by placing them on projection slide.

·         The graphics and writings can be shown very clearly and colourfully.

·         It does not need as darkened room as compared to other projectors

6. SLIDE PROJECTOR

·         It is used to project slides.

·         Used for projecting pictures from a transparent slide on a wall or screen.

·         It helps in showing the magnified image of the slide.

·         If the slide is coloured it would be more attractive. Construction of slide projector

·         Source of light ( projection lamp)

·         Reflector ( concave mirror)

·         Condensing lens

·         Slide carrier

·         Objective lens Advantages

·         Arouse attention and interest of the students

·         Variety of educational information can be given

·         Easy to transport

·         Easy to use

·         Economical in time

·         Not costly

·         Non – fragile

·         Non- inflammable disadvantages

·         Not suitable for all types of educational material.

·         Transparent slides can’t be put to excessive use.

·         Not to use for longer duration.

7.  Epidiascope

·         It is the combination of episcope and diascope.

·         It projects transparent as well as opaque materials.

·         It can be used conventially in the class room.

·         When it is used to project slides it works as diascope

·         When it is used to project an opaque object it serves as episcope ADVANTAGES

·         Projection of any material.( films, film strips, slides)

·         Can be used for magnification purposes.

·         Can be used to deal with big classes

·         Convenient use

·         Motivation

·         Clarification and better retention DIS-ADVANTAGES

·         Its very heavy and can’t be moved easily

·         Very costly

·         It requires dark room

8.  Video materials

·         The video cassette recorder helps to enhance the educational and entertainment values of the television.

·         The video lessons are more effective than the conventional lessons and serve as a better models as they are given by more efficient teachers.

Advantages of Using Videotapes

·         Source of entertainment

·         Source of information

·         Stimuli for discussion

·         Animation can be used to show an abstract concept

·         TV monitors tolerate fluctuations in voltage much better than projectors

·         Video players are less expensive and easier to maintain than slide projectors Disadvantages of Videotapes

·         Commercially prepared videotapes are often outdated

·         Videotapes may have been edited and omit or rearrange key training steps in the procedure

·         Participants may be distracted by cultural differences

Non-projected Aids

CHART

·         A chart is a useful way to present and display information or instructions, especially in a classroom or other educational situation. It can range in size from a large wall chart to a single piece of paper.

·         Acc to Edgar Dale , “a chart is a visual symbol summarising or comparing or contrasting or performing other helpful services in explaining subject matter”

FLASH CARDS

·         Flash cards are useful for drilling new letters, words, and other information. They are normally used in a classroom, but can also be used more informally.

·         A flash card is part of a set of cards on which are written items to be studied. They are “flashed” (shown quickly) one by one to a learner to elicit a quick response.

·         Flash cards are sets of cards printed with information to be studied, such as

·         definitions

·         formulas

·         letters

·         multiplication tables

·         prefixes

·         words.

·         If there is an answer or solution to what appears on the front of the card, it is printed on the back so that the person showing the cards can see if the learner's answer is correct

FLIP CHARTS

·         Flip charts are useful in teaching situations where you need to teach a number of people at a time. They are used when books are unavailable, scarce, or too expensive for individuals to have their own copy when other media such as overheads and slides are not available, and where group learning is most culturally appropriate.

·         A flip chart is a collection of large pages which are bound together at the top. The pages are “flipped” or brought up and to the back as they are used.

·         A flip chart is bound together at the top in such a way that the pages can be easily turned and lie flat.

FLANNEL BOARD

·         It consists of a piece of flannel or felt made from wool, stretched tightly over a strong backing of plywood. Pictures, cards and similar material can be made stick on it.

MODEL

·         Models are replicas or copies of real objects with suitable change in size, complexity, timing, safety and cost factors.

GLOBE a globe is a spherical model of earth GRAPHS

·         Flat pictures which employ dots, lines or pictures to visualize numerical and statistical data to show statistics or relationships.

·         Graphs are by nature a summarizing device.

·         Effective tools for comparisons and contrast. CARTOONS

·         A cartoon is an interpretive picture, usually a drawing, intended to convey a message or point of view about things, events or situation; may make free use of exaggeration and symbolism.

SLIDES( TRANSPARENCIES)

·         Any positive transparency mounted individually for use in a projector or viewing transmitted light.

MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

·         Internet and Wi Fi

·         Touch screen

·         Games and quizzes

·         Mobile applications

·           Any time & anywhere The value of mobile learning

·         It is important to bring new technology into the classroom.

·         Devices used are more lightweight than books and PCs.

·         Mobile learning can be used to diversify the types of learning activities students (or a blended learning approach).

·         Mobile learning supports the learning process rather than being integral to it.

·         Mobile learning can be a useful add-on tool for students with special needs. However, for SMS and MMS this might be dependent on the students’ specific disabilities or difficulties involved.

·         Mobile learning can be used as a ‘hook’ to re-engage disaffected youth. Benefits

·         Relatively inexpensive opportunities, as the cost of mobile devices are significantly less than PCs and laptops

·         Multimedia content delivery and creation options

·         Continuous and situated learning support

·         Decrease in training costs

·         Potentially a more rewarding learning experience INTERACTIVE WHITE BOARD

·         an interactive whiteboard is a large display that connects to a computer and a projector

·         use of graphics and other visuals to represent information

Uses

·         Running software that is loaded onto the connected PC, such as a web browsers or other software used in the classroom.

·         Capturing and saving notes written on a whiteboard to the connected PC

·         Controlling the PC from the white board using click and drag, markup which annotates a program or presentation

·         Using OCR software to translate cursive writing on a graphics tablet into text

·         Using an Audience Response System so that presenters can poll a classroom audience or conduct quizzes, capturing feedback onto the whiteboard

·         Multimedia lessons and presentations including audio and video

·         Collaborative problem solving

·         Showcasing student projects and presentations

·         Virtual field trips

·         Recorded lessons that can be used by substitute teachers