Long-term transmission and distribution expansion planning, optimal power flow in AC/DC hybrid networks, and operating strategies for grids with a high share of inverter-based resources.

Grid codes and regulatory frameworks that shape how new resources are connected and compensated, from distribution codes for DSOs to national energy system design.

Wholesale and ancillary service market design, including grid-forming services, aggregation of distributed energy resources, and renewable procurement strategies for corporate consumers.

Convex relaxation, combinatorial optimization, and stochastic programming - methods that make large-scale power system and electricity market problems tractable.