-Kingdom: Plantae -Eukaryotic
-Phylum: Coniferophyta -Autotrophs
-Class: Pinopsida -Multicellular
-Order: Pinales -Reproduced by seeds
-Family: Pinaceae
-Genus: Pinus
-Species: Pinus spp. L
general characteristics
-Autotrophs, they create their own energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide
-Typically are found in the northern hemisphere at higher elevations
-Different pine tree species grow in different areas, but in the US they are found in the southeast and western mountain ranges, New England, the Great Lakes region, the Great Plains, and the Rockies
-They thrive in mountainous regions with cold and dry conditions
-Birds disperse and spread the seeds of the pine tree by eating them and by burying them to eat later
-The timber and sap are used often by humans (sap is used to waterproof some things)
-The seeds are also sometimes consumed by humans
-Woody tree, with longer pines than an evergreen (which they are commonly mistaken for)
-Typically grow in clusters, or at least close to one or two other of its kind
-Authors: Isaac N Bickford, Peter Z Fule, and Thomas E Kolb
-Scientists wanted to determine and compare how drought effected the growth of pine trees at different elevations
-Tested the growth by analyzing tree ring data from 1945-2004
-Sampled from trees at a high elevation and low elevation from Basasseachi National Park, Chihuahua, Mexico
Results
-Took samples from high, low and intermediate elevations
-results after tracking precipitation levels at each elevation as well
Conclusion
-Growth sensitivity of the pinus spp. was higher at low elevations than at high elevations
-As the elevation of where the trees were located increased, the annual growth percentage also increased
-There was higher precipitation and temperature levels at low elevation (this increases sensitivity to drought)
-Therefore, worsening drought conditions may have a worse effect on the growth and survival of the pinus spp. found at lover elevations
-Further Studies
- Use different species of pinus spp.
- larger range of elevation
-Larger variation of location of trees
References
-Bickford, I. N., Fulé, P. Z., & Kolb, T. E. (2011). “Growth Sensitivity To Drought of Co-occuring Pinus Spp. Along an Elevation Gradient in Northern Mexico” Western North American Naturalist, 71(3), 338–348. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41718277
-https://a-z-animals.com/blog/meet-the-different-types-of-pine-trees/
-https://www.earth.com/news/pine-trees-fresh-scent/
-https://www.britannica.com/plant/pine