Until a short time ago, there were many misconceptions that prevented children from receiving adequate pain control. Some of these misconceptions include beliefs that infants do not feel pain,6 that children suffer less pain than adults7 or that children can become addicted to opioids more easily than adults.3 In addition, pain assessment is challenging in pediatrics, as infants and young children are not able to adequately verbalize pain. As a result, children have been under-treated for pain compared to adults.8 Recent advances in the research of pain in children have made significant contribution to the understanding of pain perception in children. We now know that the anatomical, physiological and biochemical mechanics needed for pain perception are present early in intrauterine life.3 In fact, preterm infants can perceive pain in a way comparable to older children.9
Well-managed pain is associated with faster recoveries, fewer complications and decreased health care resources.10 Yet optimal pain management practices have not been realized for hospitalized children despite the growth in pediatric pain research and the plethora of evidence-based pain management standards and guidelines recommended by local, national and international professional organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Canadian Pediatric Society, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the Canadian Pain Society.
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Brenner Children's Hospital is now part of Atrium Health Levine Children's. Everything you know and love about us is here to stay, now with easy connection to an even more extensive family of care. Learn more.
Psychiatric medications can be an effective part of the treatment for psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. In recent years there have been an increasing number of new and different psychiatric medications used with children and adolescents. Child and adolescent psychiatrists and other clinicians use information from research, clinical practice and experience, and information about the individual child to determine which medications will be the most effective for a particular child. Before recommending any medication, the prescriber should conduct a comprehensive psychiatric assessment.
When prescribed appropriately by an experienced clinician and taken as directed, medication may reduce or eliminate troubling symptoms and improve daily functioning of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders.
ADHD Medications: Stimulant and non-stimulant medications may be helpful as part of the treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). They come in several different forms, such as pills, patches, and liquid forms. Examples of stimulants include Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderall, Vyvanse, Procentra), Methylphenidate (Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Ritalin), and Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin). Non-stimulant medications include Atomoxetine (Strattera), Guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv), and Clonidine (Kapvay).
Anti-Anxiety Medications: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat anxiety in children and adolescents and are described above in the Antidepressant section. There are also other medications used to treat anxiety in adults. These medications are rarely used in children and adolescents but may be helpful for brief treatment of severe anxiety. These include benzodiazepines, antihistamines, and atypical antipsychotics. Examples of benzodiazepines include Alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), Diazepam (Valium), and Clonazepam (Klonopin). Examples of antihistamines include Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and Hydroxyzine (Vistaril). Examples of atypical anti-anxiety medications include Buspirone (BuSpar) and Zolpidem (Ambien).
Part D of HRSA's Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) provides outpatient family-centered care for women, infants, children, and youth with HIV/AIDS. Medical care and support services are the same as provided by other Ryan White agencies, with the difference being attention to specific needs of women and their families.
Vermont's Children's Integrated Services (CIS), Early Intervention (EI) services in accordance with Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part C, must assure the United States Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) through a series of reports that funds are being spent wisely and that the program is making a positive difference in the lives of children and families for whom serves. 589ccfa754
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