Introduction to Chordates

General characters and classification of Sub-phylum Urochordata and Cephalochordata up to Classes

Dipleurula concept and the Echinoderm theory of origin of chordates

Characteristics and Classification of Agnatha

Classification of Fishes

Echolocation in Cetaceans

Accessory respiratory organs of fish

Parental care of fish

Echolocation in Bats

Principles and aerodynamics of Flight

Migration in Fish

Exoskeleton derivatives

Hairs in mammals

Horn in mammals

Claws, nails and hoofs

Swim bladder in fish

Exoskeleton in Birds