Social Psychology - Understanding Self & Others

Learning Objectives:

1. Explain theory of mind and its' relationship to social psychology.

2. Identify the core premises of error management theory.

Theory Of Mind

Theory of mind (ToM) is the cognitive ability to recognize beliefs, desires, intentions, and emotions to ourselves and others. It involves understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and experiences that are different from our own. This skill is important for interpreting and predicting how others will act and react, which helps us to have effective social interactions with others.

In social psychology, ToM is essential for understanding and predicting behavior in various social contexts. It allows us to navigate complex social situations by recognizing that people have unique perspectives and motivations. This understanding creates empathy and emotional connection, allowing individuals to relate to each other on a deeper level. ToM is vital in conflict resolution for example, because it allows us to consider others’ emotions and viewpoints, leading to more thoughtfulness and constructive problem-solving. Say for instance my best friend showed up in a grumpy mood and had a short tone with me. Knowing that she is struggling at work and going through a breakup, I can be compassionate and understanding to why she may be acting differently. This gives me the opportunity to put myself in her shoes and go out of my way to ask her if she wants to talk or needs support. Our friendship would likely get stronger and both of us would grow from this experience. This is Theory of Mind.

ToM typically begins developing in early childhood, around the age of 3 to 5, when children start to understand that others have different perspectives. Over time, this ability continues to evolve with social experiences and age. However, impairments in ToM, such as those often seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorder, can result in difficulties with social communication and interpreting social cues. This can impact the ability to engage in meaningful social interactions and relationships.

Error Management Theory

Error Management Theory explains how humans have developed a way of making decisions that avoids making catastrophic mistakes, especially in dangerous situations or when there is uncertainty. For example, if I am on a hike in the woods and hear rustling in the leaves, my mind will probably automatically fear that the rustling is a venomous snake out to get me. Even though it would most likely just be the wind or a non-dangerous animal, I play it safe and get away from leaves quickly. This is because the cost of being wrong and getting hurt or killed is much greater than the cost of taking extra precautions, even if most times we discover there is no danger.

Error Management Theory also helps explain some of the ways people think. For example, we tend to overestimate danger in situations like looking down from a place of extreme height or hearing an approaching sound. As a women, I know this is true for me when I am walking alone at night. I tend to walk on the other side of the sidewalk when other people are near me or go a different way if there are loud sounds. This reaction helps us to avoid getting hurt. There is evidence that men, more so than women, are likely to mistake friendly behavior for romantic advances, which could be an evolved way of increasing the chances of reproduction to carry on their genes. Overall, Error Management Theory shows how our decisions and biases are influenced by the need to avoid mistakes that could have serious or deadly consequences.

Egocentrism

When interacting with others, people often rely on “simulation” or “social projection.” “Simulation” is putting yourself in somebody’s shoes; imagining how we would feel in someone else’s position. “Social projection” is assuming that someone else feels the same way we do, or would, given the correct circumstances. “Social projection” works when the people involved are similar or have similar backgrounds, but “simulation,” I think, is much better overall.

I once threw a surprise party for a good friend of mine. I assumed she would be happy and excited because I love surprises. When she arrived, she looked obviously overwhelmed and uncomfortable. I realized I had misjudged her wishes. After the party, she told me that she dislikes being the center of attention but appreciated my efforts. My own preferences had blinded me to her perspective.

We often overestimate how easily others can detect when we are being sarcastic or notice our personal flaws. Our own knowledge and feelings are so immediate and powerful that it’s hard to even consider that others might not share them. Empathy involves being considerate of the feelings, opinions, and wishes of others.