Mearsheimer is a structural realist. He evaluates states by material power, not ideology or culture.
GDP roughly the size of Italy or Spain
Cannot sustain long-term great‑power competition
Overdependent on hydrocarbons
For Mearsheimer, economic base = military ceiling. Russia’s ceiling is low.
Weak manufacturing base
Limited high-tech sector
Dependent on Western and Chinese components
A great power must be able to produce its own advanced weapons. Russia can’t.
~145 million and falling
Aging rapidly
Low fertility
High emigration
A great power needs manpower. Russia is running out.
Mearsheimer argues Russia is forced to defend a massive frontier with limited resources.
This makes it a great power by geography, but a weak one by capability.
Kotkin’s analysis is historical, institutional, and brutally structural. He’s not talking about Putin; he’s talking about Russia as a civilizational system with recurring patterns.
Here’s the full architecture.
Kotkin’s famous line:
“Russia is a military with a country attached.”
Meaning:
Nuclear arsenal: great‑power level
Geography: great‑power scale
Military tradition: great‑power legacy
But:
Economy: middle‑income
Institutions: brittle
Innovation: low
Demographics: collapsing
This mismatch is the core of his argument.
Kotkin emphasizes that Russia’s economy has been the same for centuries:
Raw materials
Low value‑added exports
Weak manufacturing
Heavy corruption
No rule of law
No globally competitive firms outside weapons and energy
He calls this “the resource curse with Russian characteristics.”
This is why Russia can destroy but cannot build.
Kotkin argues that Russia’s political system:
centralizes power
suppresses dissent
punishes truth-telling
rewards loyalty over competence
eliminates feedback loops
This produces:
strategic blunders
corruption at scale
poor military performance
inability to reform
He sees this as a structural feature, not a Putin-era anomaly.
Kotkin is blunt:
shrinking population
aging population
low fertility
high male mortality
brain drain
wartime casualties concentrated in young men
He argues that Russia’s demographic curve alone makes long-term great‑power competition impossible.
Kotkin stresses that Russia is:
dependent on oil and gas
vulnerable to price swings
technologically dependent on the West
unable to diversify
unable to innovate at scale
He calls Russia’s economy “a petrostate with nukes.”
This is why Russia can mobilize for war but cannot sustain modernization.
Kotkin’s historical thesis:
Russia expanded territorially faster than it developed institutionally
It became an empire before it became a modern state
It never built the institutions needed to sustain its size
Every attempt at modernization has been top‑down and coercive
Every modernization cycle ends in stagnation or collapse
He sees the Ukraine war as the latest chapter in a 300‑year pattern.
Kotkin is not saying Russia is weak in the sense of irrelevant.
He’s saying Russia is strong in narrow ways and weak in structural ways.
Strong in:
nukes
geography
willingness to use force
intelligence services
coercive capacity
Weak in:
economy
institutions
demographics
innovation
alliances
long-term sustainability
This is why he calls Russia a “weak great power” rather than a “non‑power.”
Here’s the line he repeats in interviews:
“Russia is a great power, but it is a weak great power.
It has great-power ambitions, but not great-power capabilities.”
This is the heart of his argument.
Even though they come from different traditions:
Mearsheimer (structural realist)
Kotkin (historian of institutions and empire)
They both conclude:
Russia cannot sustain great-power competition because its material base is too small and its institutions too brittle.
Kotkin adds the historical depth.
Mearsheimer adds the geopolitical structure.
Together, they give you the full picture.
Russia is a weak major power arguments[edit]
In a 2023 interview, the international relations scholar John Mearsheimer said Russia was a "weak great power".[3]
Russia is a former superpower that is striving unsuccessfully to rebuild its lost influence while experiencing decline and a failed state status (See: Will Russia become a failed state within 10 years? Is Russia currently a failed state? Will Russia eventually become a failed state?).
Russia a weak major power, Google AI
In 2014, the international relations scholar John Mearsheimer said: "Russia is a declining power, and it will only get weaker with time."[3]
In a 2023 interview, the international relations scholar John Mearsheimer said Russia was a "weak great power" (See: Why Russia-Ukraine War May End In A Frozen Conflict & Why US Should Focus On China: John Mearsheimer, 16:09 in the interview). Russia had great difficulty gaining land from the country of Ukraine which has a much smaller population due to Russia's weak military (see: Russian military weaknesses). From superpower to "weak great power" - sad!
Stephen Kotkin: Russia is a relatively weak power: "Stephen Kotkin, a historian at Princeton University, argues that Russia is a "relatively weak great power". He suggests that Russia has a long history of aspiring to great power status, but its capabilities often fall short of those aspirations. This discrepancy, according to Kotkin, leads to a sense of frustration and a tendency to overreach in foreign policy."[24] See also: Russian power in decline
"...Russia has almost always been a relatively weak great power. It lost the Crimean War of 1853–56, a defeat that ended the post-Napoleonic glow and forced a belated emancipation of the serfs. It lost the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5, the first defeat of a European country by an Asian one in the modern era. It lost World War I, a defeat that caused the collapse of the imperial regime. And it lost the Cold War, a defeat that helped cause the collapse of the imperial regime’s Soviet successor." - Russia’s Perpetual Geopolitics, Stephen Kotkin, Foreign Affairs, 2016
Russia is still the weakest great power, Asia Times, 2019
Donald Trump on how the Soviet Union became Russia: "Let me just tell you about Russia. Russia used to be a thing called the Soviet Union. Because of Afghanistan they went bankrupt. They became Russia. Just so you do understand. OK?" "What is essential in war is victory, not prolonged operations." - Sun Tzu. "There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare." - Sun Tzu
"Russia today is terribly sick. Her people are sick to the point of total exhaustion." - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Forbes 2012 interview.[25] (In recent times, Russia has experienced economic recessions in 1998, 2008–2009, 2014–2016, and 2022. So his remark was not during bad economic times).
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn on great power politics: "For every country, great power status deforms and harms the national character. I have never wished great power status for Russia, and do not wish it for the United States." - Forbes 2012 interview.[26]
Excellent arguments that Russia is no longer a great power[edit]
See also: There are good arguments that Russia is no longer a major power
Russia is arguably in a worse position due to the war in Ukraine because: Russia's national sovereign fund has shrunk, the potential market for their gas/oil has shrunk, their demographic/population crisis is more severe, their civilian economy has grown worse (High inflation, growing corporate bankruptcies. Trump called Russia's economy a "disaster". Russia's Innovation Index score has dropped since the war in Ukraine [27]. See: A somber outlook for the Russian economy, 2024 ), the Soviet era stockpile of weapons has shunk, Finland/Sweden joined NATO, and NATO's military budget has ramped up. Any "victory" that Russia achieves in the war in Ukraine will be a pyrrhic victory.
Back to Bipolarity: How China's Rise Transformed the Balance of Power Free (Russia and India are not great powers), International Security, MIT Press, Volume 49, Issue 2, 2024
What are the arguments that Russia is not a great power?: "Arguments against Russia being a great power focus on its limited economic and technological capabilities, coupled with a history of impulsive foreign policy decisions and internal struggles. While Russia possesses a significant military, it lacks the economic and technological strength of true great powers."
Still a great power? Russia’s status dilemmas post-Ukraine war, Journal of Contemporary European Studies. Volume 32, 2024 - Issue 1
Russia is no longer a world power, The Telegraph, May 2025
War in Ukraine helped demonstrate that Russia is no longer a great power:
"But once Russian President Vladimir Putin unleashed his war machine, that narrative of Russian power swiftly unraveled. The Ukrainian army, supposedly outgunned and with little chance of resisting conventionally, fought back with brains and ferocity. And Ukrainian civilians, whom many experts thought to be divided over the question of the country’s relationship to Russia, rallied to defend their homeland. Meanwhile, Putin’s military floundered. Its weapons and doctrine proved to be lackluster at best, and its soldiers performed far worse than expected, thanks in part to corruption and poor training. Hundreds of thousands, maybe more than a million, Russian men of military age fled the country to avoid conscription. And just last week, the Wagner paramilitary leader Yevgeny Prigozhin briefly seized control of the southern city of Rostov-on-Don and threatened to plunge the country into civil war, sending his mercenary fighters to within 120 miles of Moscow. This stunning revelation of Russian weakness calls into question not just Moscow’s status as a great power but also the very concept of a great power." - Foreign Affairs, 2023[28]
Video: George Friedman: Why Putin Has Lost the War in Ukraine, 2025
Various arguments that Russia is no longer a great power:
Russia Just Lost Its Great-Power Status, Project Syndicate, December 2024
Alexander De Croo: Russia is no longer a world power - and here's how Europe can fight back, video, 2025
Russia Is No Great Power Competitor, American Interest, 2019
Russia Is No Great Power If It Can’t Beat Ukraine on the Battlefield, 2022 (1945 website)
Ukraine Has Exposed Russia as a Not-So-Great Power, The Atlantic, 2022
Russia Resurrected. Its Power and Purpose in a New Global Order By Kathryn E. Stoner. Publisher: Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2021. "She argues that Russia is not a great power, in a traditional understanding of the term, but rather an effective disruptor/challenger to the contemporary international system." - How powerful is Russia?
"Russia is no longer considered a great power because of various factors, including its economic vulnerabilities, outdated military strategies, and a lack of strategic thinking. While Russia retains a powerful military, particularly in terms of nuclear weapons and traditional warfare, its overall capabilities have been exposed as limited in the war in Ukraine." - Why Russia is not a great power, Google AI/search