References Cited
References Cited
Citations for the text references used, including academic, peer-reviewed materials
Lehner, Mark E. 1997. The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries. Thames & Hudson Ltd.
Lehner, Mark E. 2014. On the Waterfront: Canals and Basins in the Time of Giza Pyramid Building.
Lehner, Mark. 2015. Labor and the Pyramids: The Heit el-Ghurab “Workers Town” at Giza. In Labor in the Ancient World, edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson, pp. 397-522. ISLET-Verlag, Dresden. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303875906_Labor_and_the_Pyramids_The_Heit_el-Ghurab_Workers_Town_at_Giza
Lightbody, David Ian. Monnier, Franck. 2017. An elegant vault design principle identified in Old and New Kingdom architecture. The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Müller-Römer, Frank. 2015. Basic Considerations on the Construction of Pyramids in the Old Kingdom. In Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Egyptologists, edited by Gloria Rosati and Maria Cristina Guidotti, pp. 437–442. Archaeopress, Oxford. https://people.smu.edu/mboulanger/files/2023/08/Muller_Romer_2015.pdf
Roig, Vicente Luis Rosell, 2026. A computational framework for evaluating an edge-integrated, multi-ramp construction model of the Great Pyramid of Giza. npj Heritage Science. https://doi.org/10.1038/s40494-026-02405-x.
Sheisha, Hader, David Kaniewski, Nick Marriner, Morteza Djamali, Gamal Younes, Zhongyuan Chen, Gad El-Qady, Amr Saleem, Alain Véron, and Christophe Morhange. 2022. Nile Waterscapes Facilitated the Construction of the Giza Pyramids during the 3rd Millennium BCE. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119(37):e2202530119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202530119.
Tallet, Pierre. 2017. Les Papyrus de la Mer Rouge I: Le « Journal de Merer » (Papyrus Jarf A et B). Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale 136. IFAO, Cairo.
Weiss, Harvey. 2022. Pyramid Building and Collapse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119(37):e2212483119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212483119.
Credits for any outside media used, such as charts, graphs, and other images. Media credits are organized by the page they appear on, and arranged in the order in which they appear on said page.
Muhamed Ayman, Wikimedia Commons
Alex Boersma, PNAS
Bridgeman Images
Egypt Tours Portal Team
Jewel Samad, Getty Images
Jewel Samad, Getty Images
Getty Images
Memphis Tours Team
Egypt Tours Portal Team
Egypt Tours Portal Team
Photographer unknown, Cairo Museum
Alex Boersma, PNAS
Courtesy AERA
Givaga, iStock
Bridgeman Images
Egypt's Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
Memphis Tours Team
Egypt Tours Portal Team
Denis Cristo, ShutterStock
Photographer unknown, via PNGEgg
Photographer unknown, Cairo Museum