Laser:
Interaction of radiation with matter: Absorption, Spontaneous emission and Stimulated emission. Characteristics of Laser, Resonating cavity, active medium, Pumping methods and mechanisms, population inversion, Construction and working of Lasers: Nd:YAG Laser, He-Ne Laser, Carbon dioxide (CO2) Laser, Applications of Lasers.
Fiber Optics:
Introduction, Total internal reflection, Acceptance angle, Acceptance cone and Numerical aperture, Step and Graded index optical fibers, Losses associated with optical fibers, Applications of optical fibers.