CHAPTER V  

Katutubong Pamamaraan ng Pananaliksik: Indigenous Research Method   

Basic Tenets and Principles in Indigenous Research Methods  

There are at least five basic guiding principles relevant to the use of indigenous perspective in general, and indigenous research methods in particular. 

1. The level of interaction or relationship that exists between the researcher and the researchers significantly determines the quality of the data obtained in the research process.

• The levels of interaction are the same as the kapwa classifications Ibang-Tao (Outsider) and Hindi-IbangTao (One-of-us9).

• It is recommended that the first level under Hindi-Ibang-Tao, which is pakikipag palagayang-loob (level of mutual trust,  understanding, rapport)  should be reached, at the minimum, to be assured of good quality data.

2. Research participants should always be treated by researchers as equal if not superior a fellow human being and not like "guinea pigs".

3. The welfare of the research participants takes precedence over the data obtained from them. 

4. The method to be used in research should be chosen based on appropriateness to the population (and not sophistication of the method)  and it should be made to adapt to existing cultural norms. 

5. The language of the people should be the language of research at all times.

Pakikiramdam: 

Isang mahalagang sangkap sa pananaliksik (Mataragnon) Another aspect Filipino personality that was given attention by the Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective is the propensity for indirect communication. Part of our socialization is being sensitive to non-verbal cues,  having concerns for the feelings of others, and being truthful but not at the expense of hurting others' feelings.

• This has made the sharpening of "pakikiramdam" (shared inner perception) a particularly descriptive skill in many situations involving  Filipino social interaction. 

• Pakikiramdam is a request to feel or be sensitive to. It is a shared feeling, a kind of emotional priority.

• Pakikiramdam refers to heightened awareness or sensitivity.  An active process involving great care and deliberation manifested in <hesitation to react, inattention to subtle cues, and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing. It is very useful in conducting research in rural areas.

Enrique's and Santiago's Iskala ng Mananaliksik  

Iskalang  Mananaliksik  Metodo  ng  ginagamit  ng  isang  mananaliksik  sa  sikolohiya  sa pagtatarok ng diwang kalahok: 

In the article of Santiago and  Enriquez  (1982)  titled  "Tungo sa  Makapilipinong Pananaliksik"'  they noted the importance of using one's language to capture the nation9s true culture. A major theme of the article is why Western research methods may not be sufficient for studying Filipino behavior. Those who possess the true spirit or soul of the Filipino are the masses and the poor,  who are often neglected in psychological research in favor of college students in an urban setting:  

Scale 1. The Iskala ng  Mananaliksik includes research methods ranging from the unobtrusive to the research-participative. The unobtrusive methods include: 

a. pagmamasid (looking-around)  

b. pakikiramdam (sensing, feeling what is happening)  

From these two, more obtrusive methods may spring and be used which include:  

c. pagtatanong-tanong (unstructured, informal questioning)  

d. pagsubok (start talking/working with respondents).

The highest levels of research participation include: 

e. pagdalaw-dalaw (visits to respondents home) and  

f. pakikisangkot (deep involvement in the respondents activities)  

Other research methods in this scale include pagmamatyag, pagsusubaybay, pakikialam, pakikilahok, pakikisangkot, pakapa-kapa  (suppositionless  approach-groping, searching, and  probing)  (Torres,  1982),  pakikipanuluyan,  pakikipagkwentuhan  (Nicdao-  Henson, 1982), and the ginabayang talakayan (Galvez, 1986).

Scale 2. The Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok is based on the  Filipino view of equality between the researcher and the respondents  (Church  & Katigbak, 2002). This scale includes the degrees of relationship between researcher and study participants. The scale includes: 

a. pakikitungo (transaction civility)  

b. pakikisalamuha (interaction)  

c. pakikilahok (participating, joining)  

d. pakikibagay (conforming with)  

e. pakikisama (being along with)  

f. pakikipagpalagayang-loob (understanding, acceptance)

g. pakikisangkot (getting involved)  

h. pakikiisa (being one with)

Santiago (1979) identified an underlying dimension to these interaction patterns and came up with two summary categories: 

a. Ibang-tao or outsider category (pakikitungo, pakikisalamuha, pakikilahok, pakikibagay, and pakikisama). 

b. Hindi-ibang-tao or insider category (pakikipagpalagayang-loob, pakikisangkot, and pakikiisa).   

Pakikipagkuwentuhan (Orteza and Javier)  

"Kuwentuhan" is an occasion for the exchange of information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences. 

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method:

• Oral (pasalita)

• Written (pasulat)

• Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time

• Request (pakipaghingi ng pahintulot) 

"Pakikipagkwentuhan"  is  an  informal,  free,  as  well as  a  social  process  of  exchanging information,  thoughts,  and  knowledge  that  is  part  of  humandaily  activities Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

The procedure of Pakikipagkwentuhan:

• initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before living in the community (panunuluyan)

• introduce yourself to the community

• invite yourself to community gatherings

• initiate a conversation when in a natural cluster

• invest time in story-sharing sessions 

Principles of Pakikipagkwentuhan:

• may  pakikipagkapwa  sa  kwentuhan, may "paki" ang  kalahok  sa  kwento, may pakinabang  sa kwentuhan,  libangan, linangan ng  kaalaman, lunas  sa karamdaman.

• collective orientation (pananaliksik na sama-sama), contains the process of validation (pagpapatotoo), construction of social reality (pagbubuo), cluster as unit of analysis (pagsali sa likas na umpukan)

• with a topic to talk about but without a theme (may pakay pero walang paksa),  worth  or  value  of  story  produced  from  the  kwentuhan  session (kwenta ng kwento)

• Validity:  trustworthiness  not  truth  (mapagkakatiwalaan  kaysa makatotohanan)

• Reliability: certification not consistency (process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator), (pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)

Pagtatanong-tanong (Pe-Pua)  

Pagtatanong-tanong Method

"Pagtatanong-tanong", the Filipino word for  "asking questions" - the repetition of  "tanong"  to "tanong-tanong" indicates seriousness of purpose, one is truly determined to get answers to one's question. 

Major Characteristics 

• Participatory in nature

• Equality of status

• Appropriate and adaptive

• Integrated with other indigenous methods

Preparation: "pagtatanong-tanong" is part of everyday casual interaction, the researcher must plan very well for certain conditions, and consider the convenience and comfort of informants, their language, norms, values, and background (history, within/between-group differences, activities, policies). 

Procedure of "Pagtatanong-tanong":

• Get to know the people, place, and lifestyle

• Greet informants, give credentials (name the go-between)

• Go tell them the purpose of the study

• Give an estimate of the expected length of the session

• Guide questions are used when necessary

• Goodbye and thank you are not abrupt

Principles of "Pagtatanong-tanong"  

1. The level of the relationship that exists between the researcher and the informant significantly influences the quality of data obtained  (Santiago-Enriquez Model). The language of the respondent is used in the conduct of  "pagtatanong- tanong". 

2. The use of "pakikiramdam" as feeling for another (cultural sensitivity), through this the researcher knows when to ask or avoid questions, and interprets "yes" for a "no". The equality of status is maintained,  as it is a dialogue (the informant is a  "kausap"  or person spoken with) not an interview.

3. The issue of reliability: consistency of response can be checked by repeating the question in a different way. The problem of investigator bias and data contamination can be solved by having more than one person do the "pagtatanong-tanong". 

4. Repeated sampling from as many informants as possible can produce commonalities of the lexical domain which can then constitute a construct. Familiarity with the language,  values, and cultural norms,  will optimize the accuracy and relevance of interpretations.

Ginabayang Talakayan (Galvez, Aguiling-Dalisay)   

Ginabayang  Talakayan  Method  collective  discussion  technique  8sama-sama9 orientation. The interactions could be between the researcher and a participant or between a researcher and a group of people. Finally, ginabayang talakayan is a combination of a community dialog, focused groupdiscussion, and group attestation (Enriquez,1994 ). One particular feature of this set of methods is its dependence on face-to-face interactions (both verbal and non-verbal) between the researcher and participants.

Pakikipanuluyan, Nakikiugaling Pagmamasid, Pakapa-kapa, Pagmumuni

"Panunuluyan"  approach  is  an  interaction  techniques,  levels  of  relationship  mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-loob.

• Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at teknolohikal.

• Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng pakikipanuluyan.

• Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.

• Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.

• Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.

• Pakikiramdam,  paggamit  ng damdamin, mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang salita  (talas  ng pakiramdam).

Pakikiramdam could  serve as a personality  disposition, as a situational behavior,  as  a coping  mechanism; closely  related  to  many  general  psychological  concepts  such  as empathy and sensitivity. Paninimbang:  damdamin  at  isipan  (sentido  komon)  ang  pinaiiral  dito  at  anuman  ang namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng  tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas). 

Pamamaraan  panimulang  pagsasanay  paglalakbay  at  pakikisuno  paghimpil  sa  pook pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan paghanap ng tulay pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan. 

Pagsasakatuparan  pagbati  at  pagpapakilala  pag-aayos  ng  mga  dala-dalahan pakikipagpalagayan pagtulong-tulong pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo paggawa ng pananaliksik pamamaalam at pasasalamat.

Suliraning etikal pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng  pananaliksik paghingi  ng pahintulot  pagtanaw ng  utang na loob/pamemerwisyo pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian.