Products and Resources

This page provides the products, resources and materials that have been developed and co-designed that are available for other researchers to use

Co-Design 

Below are the three video clips that detail the process: (i) what co-design is, (ii) what the project on co-design to recruit Black blood donors is and why it is needed, and (iii) what the next steps of this work are.

Reference: Mills, R., Okubanjo, A., Acheampong, N., Croucher, M., Eaton, N., Kazi, A., Di Angelantonio, E., Wood, A., Masser, B., Ferguson, E. (2024). The Power of Arts-Based Film Interventions to Encourage Black Blood Donors. Transfusion, 64, 2133-2143. (doi:10.1111/trf.17963) 

Psychometric Tools

The resources below are all free for other researchers to use (except the PI-ED) if they wish and are developed through our ongoing research.

Stress and Coping 

Appraisal of Life Events (ALE) Scale

This scale is designed to provide a reliable and valid index of the three primary appraisal dimensions described 

in Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress; (1) threat, (2) challenge and (3) loss. 

This can be used for recalled stressful events as well as ongoing stressful encounters. 

If you think that this measure would be of use to you in your research, please feel free to download it and use it. 

Ferguson, E., Matthews, G., & Cox, T. (1999). The appraisal of life events (ALE) scale: Reliability, and validity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 97-116 (doi. 0.1348/135910799168506) 

Functional Dimension of Coping Scale

This scale is designed to assess not just what people do when attempting to cope but also what the goals (functions) of their coping choices are. 

This FDC scale assesses four functions.

1. Approach – behaviours that the person believes will allow them to deal directly with the problem.

2. Avoidance – behaviours that the person believes will allow them to ignore the problem's existence.

3. Emotional regulation – behaviours that the person believes will allow them to deal with the emotional consequences of the stressful encounter.

4. Reappraisal – behaviours that the person believes will allow them to readdress and reinterpret the meaning of the stressful encounter.

The FDC can be used to describe events recalled retrospectively or more concurrent ones. The retrospective version is given below. To change the focus of the FDC  scale, just change the initial instructions to target the time window of any specific event of interest.

If you think that this measure would be of use to you in your research, please feel free to download it and use it. 

Ferguson, E. & Cox, T. (1997). The functional dimensions of coping scale: theory, reliability and validity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 109-129 (doi. 10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00528.x)

Paediatric Index of Emotional Distress (PI-ED)

This tool assesses anxiety and depression as well as co-thymic in paediatric populations and is available from GL Assessment. 

O’Connor, S., Ferguson, E., Terri, C., House, E., & O’Connor RC. (2016) The Development and Evaluation of the Paediatric Index of Emotional Distress (PI-ED). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 15-26. (doi. 10.1007/s00127-015-1134-y) 

Kin vs Need-Based Altruism

Need-altruism is a preference to help people in need regardless of your relationship to them, whereas kin-altruism is a preference to help kin over non-kin, regardless of need.

Ferguson, E., Dawe-Lane, E., Ajayi, O., Osikomaiya, B., Mills, R., & Okubanjo, A. (2024) The Importance of Need-Altruism and Kin-Altruism to Blood Donor Behaviour for Black and White People. Transfusion Medicine, 34, 112-123 (doi. 10.1111/tme.13032) 

Blood Donation Motivations (Mechanisms of Altruism)

The Mechanisms of Altruism (MOA) scales are derived from biological, evolutionary, psychological and economic theories of altruism and applied to blood donation.

 The measures provides an assessment of 

• Impure Altruism (donating because the person cares about blood donation but also feels good about donating)  

• Self-Regarding (donating to gain reputation and personal benefit) 

• Kinship (donating to benefit family and friends) 

• Reluctant Altruism (donating because the person does not trust that others will) 

• Egalitarian Warm-Glow (donating because it makes the person feel good and it also benefits society more widely)

Evans, R., & Ferguson E. (2014). Defining and Measuring Blood Donor Altruism: A Theoretical Approach from Biology, Economics and Psychology. Vox Sanguinis, 106, 118-126, (doi. 10.1111/vox.12080) 

Blood Donor Stages and Processes of Change

These measures are based on the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change as applied to the blod donor career. The stages measure assess the stages of change as a means to map out how donor progress from thinking about donation (pre-contemplation stage) to being a regular donor (maintenance stages). The processes measure explores the process that the donor used to move them from one stage to another or regulate behaviour within a stage. 

Ferguson, E., & Chandler, S. (2005). A stage model of blood donor behaviour: Assessing voluntary behaviour. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 359-372  (doi, 10.1177/1359105305051423). 

Central Aspects of Pain (CAP) Scale

Psychological factors are know to augment or enhance the perception of pain. The CAP scale provides a simple summary of these processes by incorporating the best predictive items across a variety of measures. Please feel free to download it and use it. 

Akin-Akinyosoye, K., Frowd, N.,  Marshall, L., Stocks, J., Fernandes, G. W. S., Valdes, A.,  McWilliams, D. F., Zhang. W., Doherty, M., Ferguson, E., Walsh, D. A. (2018 Traits associated with central pain augmentation in the Knee Pain in the Community (KPIC) cohort. Pain 195, 1035-1044 (doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001183) 

Akin-Akinyosoye, K., James, RJE., McWilliams, DF., Millar, B., das Nair, R., Ferguson E., & Walsh, DA. (2021). The Central Aspects of Pain in the Knee (CAP-Knee) questionnaire; a mixed-methods study of a self-report instrument for assessing central mechanisms in people with knee pain. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage, 29, 802-814 (doi. 10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.562)