Wall roughness constitutes both irregular surface toplogies (such as fouled and machined surfaces) and regular surfaces (such as grooves, spines etc.). It is well known that rough surfaces can significantly affect both momentum and heat transfer. In general, a rough surface is said to affect a turbulent flow when the characteristic length scale (s) of the surface topology are greater than the smallest scales of turbulene - i.e. the Kolmogorov length scale. In industrial practise, this means that roughness of the order of magnitude of micrometres can have an affect on friction and heat transfer.
A grit-blasted surface origanlly scanned by (Busse et al. 2015) and later used by (Peeters et al. 2019).
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