Pedigree Meaning

Perhaps you will notice certain dogs with a lot of AKC titles, such as Champion (CH), Field Champion (FC), Companion Dog (CD), or one of many others before or after the registered name. The pedigree may also tell you if a dog was imported from another country, has DNA on file, has certain health clearances, or even what color it was.

Sometimes breeders will use litter themes, perhaps naming all the puppies in one litter after rock stars or planets, for example; or may use a litter letter, so all registered names in the litter start with the same letter. Having a litter theme or letter is useful for identifying possible littermates in a pedigree.

Pedigree Meaning

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Three types of AKC pedigrees are available: A printed Certified Pedigree, which is an official document needed if you plan to export a dog or their frozen semen; an online Research Pedigree that you can print yourself, but may not be accepted as an official document by other canine registries; and an Export Pedigree; which merges into all the information required to obtain registration with foreign kennel clubs into one document. All contain the same essential information and are read the same way.

The best way to combine all the information from direct ancestors, siblings, and descendants into one pedigree is to use a trait or symbol pedigree, which is often used in medical and genetic research. In such a pedigree, males are shown as squares and females as circles. Horizontal lines connect breeding pairs, and vertical lines reach down to their offspring. Dogs affected with the trait of interest are colored dark; those unaffected are uncolored; those known to be carriers may be colored half-and-half. Such pedigrees are typically used to determine if a trait is passed on in a dominant or recessive or even sex-linked mode of inheritance.

Countless collections of comic books have surfaced over the years. Some of these collections only include a handful of comics, while others contain thousands. Every now and then, a collection is found that is so exceptional that it becomes recognized as a pedigree.

CGC currently recognizes 61 pedigree collections. If you are the current owner of an exceptional comic book collection, CGC is more than happy to discuss the potential pedigree status with you. Please feel free to call and ask to speak with a Pedigree Specialist.

The collection must be original owner.

This means that the books must have been bought off the newsstand as they came out. For example, a collector cannot buy a high-grade run of 1940s comics from various sources and expect it to be considered a pedigree. The original owner need not currently own the comics for the collection to be considered for pedigree status.

The collection must consist of a considerable number of comics.

Most pedigree collections consist of at least 1,000 books and some number over 10,000 comics. The collections that consist of fewer books, such as the Allentown and Denver collections, must include extremely rare, important, and/or key material.

The validation of the composition and provenance of technologies, products, and services is referred to as the pedigree. For microelectronics, this includes material composition of components. For software this includes the composition of open source and proprietary code, including the version of the component at a given point in time. Pedigrees increase the assurance that the claims suppliers assert about the internal composition and provenance of the products, services, and technologies they provide are valid.

Sources:

NIST SP 800-161r1

FDA did not seek to enforce the pedigree-related requirements in every case. In a guidance note, they set out the factors they would take into account in deciding whether enforcement measures were necessary.

Trading partners have had to develop secure electronic systems to ensure that these requirements can be met. The idea of the drug pedigree is now expanded to embrace the set of documentation laid down in the Act. We are speaking here not of Master Data but of Transactional or Instance Data, of which the most relevant example is the lot number attached to a specific batch at the factory and following it all the way to the point at which it is broken down for distribution to consumers. The data must not change at any point on the chain.

The pedigree data group represents the workflow for a Resource. It describes the Activities used to produce a Resource, e.g., a piece of Information. Of particularly high importance for architectural descriptions, is the production of architecture description information. (Architecture descriptions are types of Information since Information describes some Thing and architecture descriptions describe the architecture.) All aspects of the production workflow are describable with the Pedigree data group including:

The definition many people follow for a pedigree dog is that it is a purebred dog that is registered with a relevant breed club or kennel club. These dogs have several generations of their family tree recorded, and they are all within the same breed.

If your dog was registered at birth, you will need to contact the club they were registered to and ask for a copy of their certificate. If your dog has not been registered, you might not be able to find out their pedigree but you can still register them to some clubs.

A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes[jargon] of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next,[1][2][3][unreliable source?] most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.

The word pedigree is a corruption of the Anglo-Norman French p de grue or "crane's foot", either because the typical lines and split lines (each split leading to different offspring of the one parent line) resemble the thin leg and foot of a crane[4] or because such a mark was used to denote succession in pedigree charts.[5]

A pedigree results in the presentation of family information in the form of an easily readable chart. It can be simply called as a "family tree". Pedigrees use a standardized set of symbols, squares represent males and circles represent females. Pedigree construction is a family history, and details about an earlier generation may be uncertain as memories fade. If the sex of the person is unknown a diamond is used. Someone with the phenotype in question is represented by a filled-in (darker) symbol. Heterozygotes, when identifiable, are indicated by a shade dot inside a symbol or a half-filled symbol.

Relationships in a pedigree are shown as a series of lines. Parents are connected by a horizontal line and a vertical line leads to their offspring. The offspring are connected by a horizontal sibship line and listed in birth order from left to right. If the offspring are twins then they will be connected by a triangle. If an offspring dies then its symbol will be crossed by a line. If the offspring is still born or aborted it is represented by a small triangle.

Each generation is identified by a Roman numeral (I, II, III, and so on), and each individual within the same generation is identified by an Arabic numeral (1, 2, 3, and so on). Analysis of the pedigree using the principles of Mendelian inheritance can determine whether a trait has a dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance. Pedigrees are often constructed after a family member afflicted with a genetic disorder has been identified. This individual, known as the proband, is indicated on the pedigree by an arrow.[6] These changes may occur yearly or monthly.

In England and Wales pedigrees are officially recorded in the College of Arms, which has records going back to the Middle Ages, including pedigrees collected during roving inquiries by its heralds during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The purpose of these heraldic visitations was to register and regulate the use of coats of arms. Those who claimed the right to bear arms had to provide proof either of a grant of arms to them by the College, or of descent from an ancestor entitled to arms. It was for this reason that pedigrees were recorded by the visitations. Pedigrees continue to be registered at the College of Arms and kept up to date on a voluntary basis but they are not accessible to the general public without payment of a fee.

A pedigree may be used to establish the probability of a child having a particular disorder or condition. It may be used to discover where the genes in question are located (x, y, or autosome chromosome), and to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive. When a pedigree shows a condition appearing in a 50:50 ratio between men and women it is considered autosomal. When the condition predominantly affects males in the pedigree it is considered x-linked.[7]

In the practice of selective breeding of animals, particularly in animal fancy and livestock, including horses, pedigree charts are used to track the ancestry of animals and assist in the planning of suitable breeding programs to enhance desirable traits. Breed registries are formed and are dedicated to the accurate tracking of pedigrees and maintaining accurate records of birth, death and identifying characteristics of each registered animal.[9]

Certain traits like colorblindness are located on the X or Y chromosome and are called sex-linked. Colorblindness is more commonly found in males because males have only one X chromosome. Females are usually not colorblind because they have two X chromosomes and would need to inherit one defective X from both their mother and father. However, they can be carriers of the trait, and if they are carriers, their male children will be colorblind. On a pedigree, carriers are represented either by a half-shaded symbol or a shaded dot in the middle of the symbol.

WW and ww individuals are called homozygous because they have two copies of the same allele and will always pass that form of the allele on to offspring, while Ww individuals are called heterozygous because they have two different alleles and can pass on either allele to their offspring. In pedigrees, heterozygous individuals are represented by half-shaded symbols (just like carriers in pedigrees for sex-linked traits). ff782bc1db