Public Speaking Summer Course

Chapters 1 and 2

· https://www.khanacademy.org/ela/cc-8th-reading-vocab/xe1f784c7c84e84fc:cc-8th-crossing-the-line/xe1f784c7c84e84fc:applying-vocabulary-knowledge/v/figurative-language-reading

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/interpreting-figurative-language-in-fiction.html

· https://scribemedia.com/literary-devices/

· https://literarydevices.net/

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/literary-devices-definition-examples-quiz.html

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=literary+devices

· https://www.mla.org/MLA-Style

· https://www.apa.org/

· https://www.natcom.org/

· https://themoth.org/events

Chapter 1 & 2

Language & Rhetoric Terms

mnemonics: memory aids that use patterns like rhyme, acronym, or imagery to make information easier to remember.

griot: a West African oral historian, storyteller, and musician who preserves and transmits cultural traditions and genealogies.

syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. (O/V/S)

vocabulary: the set of words known and used by a person or group.

symbolic thought: the ability to use symbols or abstract concepts to represent real-world objects, actions, or ideas.

formal rhetoric: the structured use of persuasive techniques in speaking or writing, based on principles such as ethos, pathos, and logos.

ethos: appeal to the speaker’s credibility, character, or expertise / builds trust with the audience/“As a doctor with 20 years of experience…” “We can trust her leadership.” (Who you are)

pathos: appeal to the audience’s emotions / generates empathy, inspiration, or urgency / “Imagine your child going to bed hungry…” “It breaks my heart to see…” (How you make them feel)

logos: appeal to logic and reason using facts, data, or clear arguments / “According to the CDC, vaccination rates have…”

“Let’s compare the numbers.” (What you prove)

oral cosmologies: creation myths and worldviews transmitted through oral storytelling in traditional cultures.

civil discourse: respectful and constructive dialogue that allows for disagreement without hostility.

civic engagement: active participation in the public life of a community, often through discussion, voting, or volunteer work.

orator: a person known for giving powerful and effective public speeches.

eloquence: fluent, persuasive, and graceful use of language. eloquent

Emotional & Psychological Barriers

stage fright: anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.

social fears: anxiety related to being judged or embarrassed in social settings.

social phobia: a mental health condition involving intense fear of public or social interactions; also called social anxiety disorder.

performance anxiety: is the fear or nervousness experienced before or during a performance in front of an audience — especially when being judged or evaluated.

adrenaline: a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

cortisol: a hormone released during stress, which can affect memory, emotion, and performance.

positive nervousness: controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

visualization: mental imaging in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation.

shyness: discomfort or inhibition in social situations, often short of clinical social anxiety.

reticence: reluctance to speak or express oneself; can stem from personality or cultural norms.

communication apprehension: fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.

Speech & Delivery Terms

stock phrases: overused or formulaic expressions often lacking originality or impact.

filler words: words like “um,” “like,” “you know” that fill pauses but often reduce clarity.

fidgeting: small, restless body movements that signal nervousness (e.g., tapping, shifting, playing with hands).

poise: graceful, balanced, and confident bearing under pressure.

clear voice: a speaking voice that is loud enough, well-articulated, and steady.

visual aids: charts, images, slides, or props used to enhance understanding during a presentation.

critical thinking: focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

speaker: the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.

enthusiasm: Expressive energy and interest in the topic being presented.

message: whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.

channel: the means by which a message is communicated.

listener: the person who receives the speaker’s message.

frame of reference: the sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Thinking & Meaning

concrete: language or ideas that are specific, observable, and tangible (e.g., “apple,” “car”).

abstract: language or ideas that are general, conceptual, or intangible (e.g., “freedom,” “justice”).

literary devices: tools that public speakers and writers use to make their language more powerful, memorable, and persuasive.

feedback: the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.

interference: anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

situation: the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

ethnocentrism: the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Behavioral Observations

rapping knuckles: tapping fingers or knuckles nervously, often unconsciously.

callous: emotionally insensitive or unfeeling; lacking compassion or concern.

⚖️ Ethics & Manipulation

ethics: the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

cognitive dissonance: is the mental discomfort people feel when they hold two conflicting beliefs or when their actions contradict their values or self-image. (I smoke. Smoking kills.)

pandering to racial prejudice: appealing to racist attitudes for personal or political gain.

scruples: a moral hesitation or ethical doubt that influences decisions or behavior.

ethical decisions: sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

ethical quandary: a difficult moral dilemma where right and wrong are not clear-cut.

solemn responsibility: a duty that is serious and morally significant.

erroneous information: factually incorrect or mistaken content.

misleading advice: guidance that distorts truth or lacks full context.

juggling statistics: manipulating data to mislead or misrepresent reality.

quoting out of context: using a statement in a misleading way by ignoring its original meaning.

misrepresenting sources: distorting or fabricating what a source actually says.

painting tentative findings as firm conclusions: presenting preliminary or uncertain research as definitive fact.

citing unusual cases as typical examples: using rare incidents to falsely represent a general truth.

substituting innuendo and half-truths for evidence and proof: suggesting accusations or implications without direct evidence.

name-calling: the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

epithets: derogatory labels or slurs used to insult or stereotype someone.

stereotype: a fixed, oversimplified, and generalized belief about a group of people.

Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.

plagiarism: presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own.

global plagiarism: stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own.

patchwork plagiarism: stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own.

incremental plagiarism: failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

paraphrase: to restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words.

verbatim: word-for-word repetition of what was said or written.

flustered: confused or agitated, often from nerves or surprise.

distracted: lacking focus or attention due to internal or external interruptions.

defamatory falsehoods: lies that damage someone’s reputation; legally actionable in many cases.

Chapter 3

1. Target: Probing active listening skills:

The Making of the Fittest: Got Lactase? The Co-evolution of Genes and Culture

2. Target: Showcasing different story-telling styles:

The Moth | Podcast

3. Target: Mastering your breath

Master Voice Coach: https://youtu.be/2Hr4BkbSxl8

4. Target: To improve the sound of your voice

https://youtu.be/4L1L9e3Ptfg

5. Target: To provide a resource library of pronunciation drills for educators

Listening, Speaking & Pronunciation Resources - English as a Second Language

Chapter 3 VOCABULARY

hearing: the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.

listening: paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

appreciative listening: listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

empathic listening: listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

comprehensive listening: listening to understand the message of a speaker.

critical listening: listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

spare “brain time”: the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 500 words a minute).

kinesiology: is the scientific study of human movement. It combines anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience to understand how the body moves and functions.

wandering thoughts: refer to a drifting of attention from the current task or environment to unrelated thoughts, memories, or fantasies.

to be wringing wet: to be completely soaked with liquid, especially sweat or water.

passive listening: is the act of hearing someone speak without actively paying attention, engaging, or responding thoughtfully.

active listening: giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view.

scatterbrained: means to be disorganized, forgetful, or easily distracted, often jumping from one thought or task to another without focus.

tidbit: is a small and interesting piece of information, gossip, or food.

key-word outline: an outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.

Chapter 4

ice breaker speech: a speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible.

to be contrived: artificial, forced, or obviously planned rather than natural or spontaneous.

universal human foibles: common small flaws or weaknesses in human behavior that nearly everyone shares. Examples include: procrastination, vanity, impatience, envy, tendency to judge others; “foibles” are typically harmless or minor faults, often viewed with empathy rather than criticism.

introduction: the opening section of a speech.

preview statement: a sentence or two that outlines what will be covered in a talk, presentation, or essay. Function: Helps guide the audience by setting expectations. Example: "In this presentation, I’ll explore the causes of climate change, its impacts, and what we can do to mitigate them."

body: the main section of a speech.

chronological order: a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

topical order: a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

main points: the major points developed in the body of a speech.

transition: a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

conclusion: the final section of a speech.

extemporaneous speech: a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

nerve-wracking: causing a lot of stress, anxiety, or nervousness. Example: speaking in front of a crowd for the first time was a nerve-wracking experience.

newscaster: a person who presents news on television or radio. Also called a news anchor or news presenter. Example:

The newscaster kept a calm demeanor even while reporting tragic events.

calm demeanor: a person’s outward behavior or appearance that shows composure, self-control, and steadiness, especially in stressful situations. Example: Despite the chaos around her, the nurse maintained a calm demeanor, which reassured the patients. Related expressions: Composed presence, Collected attitude, Steady nerves, Unflappable

gestures: motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech.

eye contact: direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

resilience: The ability to recover quickly from difficulties, adapt well in the face of adversity, and bounce back from setbacks. It can apply to people, systems, economies, or even ecosystems. Human example: After losing her job, she showed great resilience by retraining and starting a new career. Visual metaphor: Think of a tree bending in the wind but not breaking — that’s resilience.

to cherish: to hold something dear; to feel or show deep affection, appreciation, or value for someone or something.

Examples: "I cherish the memories of my childhood summers by the sea." "She cherishes her friendships and nurtures them with care." Related verbs: Treasure, Value, Adore

symbolism: is the use of symbols—objects, actions, or words—to represent abstract ideas or deeper meanings beyond their literal sense.

Chapter 6

· https://themoth.org/events

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=listening+skills

· Ten Listening Tips #1 Choose to listen more and better - Sheila Bentley

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=notetaking

· https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/making-fittest-got-lactase-co-evolution-genes-and-culture

· https://themoth.org/podcast

· Public Speaking Breathing Tips

· Improve the sound of your VOICE - Intoning

· 5 ways to listen better | Julian Treasure | TED

· The Art of Listening | Simon Sinek

· https://www.uab.edu/education/esl/teacher-resources?view=article&id=80%3Apronunciation-a-listening-resources&catid=166

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/public-speaking-vs-the-conversation.html#/lesson

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/managing-public-speaking-anxiety.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-speeches-informative-persuasive-and-special-occasion.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/be-an-audience-centered-speaker-focusing-on-listeners-needs.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/informal-and-formal-methods-of-audience-analysis.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/gathering-information-for-audience-analysis-research-observation.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/adapting-to-your-audience-during-and-after-your-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/hearing-vs-listening-importance-of-listening-skills-for-speakers.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/effective-listening-definition-obstacles.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/listening-process-concept-stages.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/types-of-listening.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/becoming-a-better-listener-tips-strategies.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/improving-your-note-taking-skills-strategies-for-mapping-a-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-importance-of-being-a-civil-and-ethical-listener.html

· https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/listening-and-feedback.html

· Sound Like A Leader: How To Breathe Correctly When Speaking

· Dead Poets Society

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/why-speech-organization-is-important.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/patterns-of-organization-for-informative-speeches.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/preparation-and-speaking-outlines.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/outlining-your-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/introductions-and-conclusions.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/parts-of-a-speech-introduction.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/grabbing-the-audiences-attention.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-body-of-the-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/parts-of-a-speech-conclusion.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/speech-transitions-context-importance.html

· https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/outlining-the-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-style-of-a-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-language-relates-to-style.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/grammar-pronunciation-in-public-speaking.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/vivid-language-imagery-definition-examples.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-speech-delivery-impromptu-extemporaneous-manuscript-and-memorized.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/meaning-through-vocal-qualities.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/pronunciation-articulation-and-dialect.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-role-of-nonverbal-communication-during-speech-delivery.html

· https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/speech-delivery.html

· 12 Angry Men

· Tone Matters! How we say it is more important that the words we use

· Super Speaker Series: Vary Your Pitch

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=shadowing+english+speaking+practice

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=pause+drills+public+speaking

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=emphasis+drills+public+speaking

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=preview+%E2%86%92+point+%E2%86%92+pause+%E2%86%92+emphasize+techniques+public+speaking

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=tongue+%2B+mouth+stretches+%2B+vowel+sounds

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=intonation

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=tongue+twisters

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=pacing+and+delivery+of+speeches

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=cadence+speech+examples

· Sound Like A Leader: How To Breathe Correctly When Speaking

· Smile In Your Voice

· https://www.naturalreaders.com/online/

· Steve Jobs' 2005 Stanford Commencement Address (with intro by President John Hennessy)

· ENGLISH SPEECH | MOHAMMED QAHTANI: The Power Of Words

· https://www.presentationskills.me/toastmasters-table-topics-questions/

· https://icebreakerspeech.com/table-topics-questions/

· https://www.youtube.com/@themoth

· The Moth Presents: Alexis Barton | Breakup on Aisle 3 | Birmingham StorySLAM 2019

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/be-an-audience-centered-speaker-focusing-on-listeners-needs.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/informal-and-formal-methods-of-audience-analysis.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/gathering-information-for-audience-analysis-research-observation.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/adapting-to-your-audience-during-and-after-your-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/analyzing-your-audience.html

Audience-Centeredness

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Audience-Centeredness

Your Classmates as an Audience

The Psychology of Audiences

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=The+Psychology+of+Audiences

Demographic Audience Analysis

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Demographic+Audience+Analysis

Situational Audience Analysis

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Situational+Audience+Analysis

Getting Information About the Audience

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Getting+Information+About+the+Audience

Adapting to the Audience

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Adapting+to+the+Audience

How to present to keep your audience’s attention | Mark Robinson | TEDxEindhoven

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech

The King's Speech

The Notes from the Underground

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=saul+alinsky

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Diana+L.+Eck

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/10/01/americans-are-more-positive-about-the-long-term-rise-in-u-s-racial-and-ethnic-diversity-than-in-2016/

https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-nations-racial-justice-protests-are-a-pivotal-moment-for-millennials-and-gen-z/

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Natalie+Fixmer-Oraiz+and+Julia+T.+Wood

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/27/rising-shares-of-u-s-adults-know-someone-who-is-transgender-or-goes-by-gender-neutral-pronouns/

Chapter 6 VOCABULARY

juxtaposing: placing contrasting ideas side-by-side to highlight differences or tensions.

garner: to gather or earn (e.g., garner support, attention, applause).

pitch-perfect speech: a flawless, well-matched presentation in tone, content, and timing.

browbeat the audience: intimidate or coerce listeners through aggressive language or tone.

audience-centeredness: keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

precept: a guiding principle or rule for behavior or belief.

phony: fake or insincere; in speeches, refers to language or tone that feels dishonest.

auditory perception: the process by which listeners interpret and make sense of sounds.

egocentrism: the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

demographic audience analysis: audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion; racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender identity and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like.

stereotyping: creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

monolithic: uniform, inflexible, and resistant to change—often used to critique institutions or ideologies.

pigeonholing: reducing people or ideas to simplistic, limiting categories.

situational audience analysis: audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

arresting introduction: a powerful, attention-grabbing opening to a talk or speech.

provocative supporting materials: bold, thought-stimulating examples, visuals, or stories that challenge the audience.

vivid language: descriptive, sensory-rich words that paint clear mental images.

dynamic delivery: engaging, energetic speaking style that holds the audience’s attention.

attitude: a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

prevailing attitude: the commonly held opinion or emotional tone among an audience or society.

controversial viewpoint: an opinion that challenges the status quo or provokes disagreement.

pare down: to simplify or reduce something to its most essential parts.

decorum: proper, respectful behavior—especially important during formal presentations.

professional pollster: a person who designs and conducts surveys to measure public opinion.

fixed-alternative questions: questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.

scale questions: questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

open-ended questions: questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

maximum leeway: the greatest degree of freedom or flexibility allowed in a given context.

public opinion: the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population.

Chapter 7

Here are engaging and practical activities you can use to stretch the “Gathering Materials” chapter over your 18 hours with 6 students. These activities build research, interviewing, critical thinking, and presentation skills—while keeping students actively involved.

🔍 1. Personal Story Mining

Objective: Reinforce that personal experiences are rich material for speeches.
Activity:

Ask each student to bring 3 objects from home or share 3 photos (digital is fine) that relate to a personal story.
Have them write a 2-minute impromptu speech connecting at least one object to a broader theme (e.g., courage, learning, failure).
Encourage peer feedback on what felt authentic and powerful.

🏛 2. Library Treasure Hunt (even if done virtually)

Objective: Familiarize students with library resources.
Activity:

Create a scavenger hunt list: e.g., find a book about climate change, a peer-reviewed article about media bias, etc.
Have them present what they found, cite it properly, and say why it would be a good source for a speech.
You can simulate this using your institution’s online library tools.

🌐 3. Internet Detective Challenge

Objective: Teach online research skills and source evaluation.
Activity:

Assign each student a myth or controversial claim (e.g., “Vaccines cause autism,” “Sharks don’t get cancer”).
They research for 45 minutes then present:
- 2 reliable sources that debunk or confirm the claim.
- A source they rejected, and why (e.g., poor credibility).
Discuss fact-checking tools like Snopes or Google’s reverse image search.

🎤 4. Mock Interview Role-Play

Objective: Practice the three stages of interviewing.
Activity:

Pair students. One plays the “interviewer,” the other a “guest” expert on a topic.
Give each pair a different topic (e.g., “Trends in AI,” “Mental health on campus”).
Have them prep, conduct, and reflect on:
1. Pre-interview prep
2. Interview with questions
3. Post-interview debrief
Optionally record and replay.

🧠 5. Research Strategy Mini-Workshop

Objective: Teach and practice the 4 research tips.
Activity:
Split each session into 4 stations:

Start early – Students plan a weeklong research timeline.
Think about materials as you research – Students find visual/audio materials for a pretend speech.
Keep a research log – Students track sources in a shared spreadsheet.
Ask a librarian or AI – Simulate asking for help; roleplay student-librarian or student-ChatGPT interactions.

🗣️ 6. Two-Minute Source Talks

Objective: Practice citing and explaining sources naturally.
Activity:

Each student brings a source (article, stat, quote) they’d use in a persuasive speech.
They deliver a 2-minute speech integrating the source smoothly and orally cite it.
Class critiques: Was the source credible? Was the citation smooth and appropriate?

📊 7. Source Credibility Debate

Objective: Learn how to judge source trustworthiness.
Activity:

Provide students with pairs of sources on the same topic (e.g., one from a peer-reviewed journal, one from a blog).
Students defend which one is more credible and why.
Have them act as a “speech coach” advising a fictional student preparing a speech.

🧩 8. Build-a-Speech Game

Objective: Combine research into actual speech planning.
Activity:

Each student is assigned a random topic + audience (e.g., "Teach high schoolers about data privacy").
They use their research to:
- Create a working speech outline.
- Select 2 strong supporting materials.
- Present the intro and one main point.

Chapter 7 Vocabulary

to depersonalize a topic: means to remove personal opinions, emotions, or individual experiences from the discussion in order to present the subject in a neutral, objective, or general way. This often involves using third-person language, avoiding anecdotes, and focusing on facts, principles, or broader societal patterns rather than personal narratives. Why: to make information more universally applicable; to avoid bias or subjectivity; to support academic, journalistic, or professional writing standards; to help audiences analyze or discuss an issue based on evidence or logic. Example: Personalized: "I believe climate change is affecting my neighborhood with more floods every year." Depersonalized: "Climate change has been associated with increased flooding in coastal and low-lying regions, as reported by global environmental studies."

catalogue: a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

call number: a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

reference work: a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

newspaper and periodical database: a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

abstract: a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

academic database: a database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

sponsoring organization: an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.

research interview: an interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

preliminary bibliography: a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

public interest groups: are organizations that seek to promote policies they believe will benefit society as a whole, rather than serve the interests of a specific group or industry. Their areas of focus often include environmental protection, human rights, consumer advocacy, and social justice.

recency: is a cognitive principle suggesting that people are more likely to remember or be influenced by information they encountered most recently. In communication and psychology, it is one of the factors affecting attention, memory, and decision-making.

research (investigative) interview: is a structured or semi-structured method of gathering in-depth information from a subject, typically used in journalism, academic research, or legal inquiries. The goal is to uncover facts, opinions, or experiences relevant to a particular issue or hypothesis.

transcribing notes: refers to the process of converting spoken words, often from recordings or live conversations, into written text. This process ensures accuracy and facilitates analysis, archiving, or publication of the information collected during interviews or meetings.

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/be-an-audience-centered-speaker-focusing-on-listeners-needs.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/informal-and-formal-methods-of-audience-analysis.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/gathering-information-for-audience-analysis-research-observation.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/adapting-to-your-audience-during-and-after-your-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/analyzing-your-audience.html

Audience-Centeredness

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Audience-Centeredness

Your Classmates as an Audience

The Psychology of Audiences

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=The+Psychology+of+Audiences

Demographic Audience Analysis

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Demographic+Audience+Analysis

Situational Audience Analysis

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Situational+Audience+Analysis

Getting Information About the Audience

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Getting+Information+About+the+Audience

Adapting to the Audience

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Adapting+to+the+Audience

How to present to keep your audience’s attention | Mark Robinson | TEDxEindhoven

· Oprah Winfrey Receives the Cecil B. deMille Award - Golden Globes 2018

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=harry+emerson+fosdick

· The Notes from the Underground

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=saul+alinsky

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Diana+L.+Eck

· https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/10/01/americans-are-more-positive-about-the-long-term-rise-in-u-s-racial-and-ethnic-diversity-than-in-2016/

· https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-nations-racial-justice-protests-are-a-pivotal-moment-for-millennials-and-gen-z/

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Natalie+Fixmer-Oraiz+and+Julia+T.+Wood

· https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/07/27/rising-shares-of-u-s-adults-know-someone-who-is-transgender-or-goes-by-gender-neutral-pronouns/

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/effective-research-strategy.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/primary-vs-secondary-research.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-supporting-materials.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/locating-supporting-materials.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/evaluating-sources-for-reliability-credibility-and-worth.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/selecting-the-right-type-of-support.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-conduct-an-interview-for-speech-support.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/citing-sources-while-reseraching.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/citing-sources-for-listener-comprehension.html

· https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/reserching-the-speech.html

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobase

· https://infobase.com/

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Almanac

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest

· https://www.proquest.com/

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LexisNexis

· https://professional.lexisnexis.com/en-us/ppc/b/research/brand?utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=research&utm_content=brand&utm_term=nexis%20research%20tool&msclkid=9825fca7be13152315d594c06cae47b5

· https://infobase.com/products/world-news-digest/

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR

· https://www.jstor.org/

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar

· https://www.britannica.com/

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA.gov

· https://www.usa.gov/

· https://www.census.gov/

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_census

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook

· https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/

· https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher

· https://guides.library.jhu.edu/evaluate/internet-resources

· How to Spot Fake News - FactCheck.org

· https://style.mla.org/

· https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Modern-Language-Association-America-ebook/dp/B08F81VSYX/

· https://apastyle.apa.org/

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group

Chapter 11

Chapter 11 Vocabulary

coherent structure: refers to a clear, logical, and organized framework in writing or speaking. It ensures that ideas flow smoothly from one point to the next, making it easy for the audience to follow and understand the message.

preparation outline: a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

visual framework: the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker’s ideas.

speaking outline: a brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech.

delivery cues: directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.

germane to (something): relevant or closely related to the topic being discussed. Example: Your question is germane to our conversation about ethics in business.

figurative alternatives: non-literal expressions or comparisons used to convey an idea more vividly. These alternatives often use metaphor, simile, or analogy instead of direct language. Example: Instead of saying "he is very brave," a figurative alternative might be "he has a lion’s heart."

internal summaries: brief statements within a speech that summarize what has just been said, helping the audience remember key points. Example: “So, to recap, we’ve covered the history, the challenges, and the current strategies.”

internal previews: statements within a speech that tell the audience what will come next, helping them follow the structure. Example: “Next, I will discuss the potential solutions to this problem.”

to jog someone’s memory: statements within a speech that tell the audience what will come next, helping them follow the structure. Example: “Next, I will discuss the potential solutions to this problem.”

denotative meaning: is contained in the dictionary; the literal, dictionary definition of a word, free from emotions, values, or associations. Example: The denotative meaning of "snake" is a legless, carnivorous reptile.

connotative meaning: is associated with an individual's inclination toward a particular word; the emotional or cultural associations attached to a word, beyond its literal meaning. Example: The connotative meaning of "snake" might include ideas of betrayal or danger.

CRAAP test: a method for evaluating the reliability of information sources. The acronym stands for:

Currency (Is it up to date?)
Relevance (Is it relevant to your topic?)
Authority (Who is the source/author?)
Accuracy (Is the information correct?)
Purpose (Why does the information exist?)

Example: Use the CRAAP test to check whether an article is suitable for academic research.

verbal citations: when a speaker orally acknowledges the source of information during a speech.
Example: “According to a 2022 report by the WHO...”

oral citations: same as verbal citations. Both terms refer to spoken acknowledgment of sources during a speech.

in-text citations: written citations included within the body of an academic paper, typically following a citation style like MLA, APA, or Chicago. Example: (Smith, 2022, p. 45)

thesis statement: a clear, concise sentence that expresses the main idea or argument of a speech or paper. It tells the audience what to expect. Example: “Community gardens improve neighborhoods by fostering social ties, providing fresh produce, and enhancing environmental awareness.”

informative speeches: are meant to teach or instruct an audience, providing objective information about something;

Example: A speech explaining how solar panels work.

persuasive speeches: are meant to convince an audience to feel or believe a certain way. Speeches in which a person argues for or against an argument are considered persuasive; speeches designed to convince the audience to adopt a certain belief, opinion, or course of action. Example: A speech urging people to recycle more.

Monroe's motivated sequence of persuasive speeches: a 5-step organizational pattern to persuade the audience into taking action, as suggested by the speaker. Steps:

Attention — Get the audience’s attention.
Need — Show the problem or need.
Satisfaction — Offer a solution.
Visualization — Help the audience visualize the benefits.
Action — Call the audience to action.

Example: Frequently used in fundraising, marketing, and activism speeches.

layman's testimony: is evidence or statements provided by an ordinary person who does not have specialized knowledge or expertise in the subject matter. It is often valued for offering a relatable, everyday perspective.

prestige testimony: comes from individuals who are respected or well-known, even if they are not experts in the specific topic being discussed. Their reputation or status lends weight to their statements.

expert testimony: is provided by someone who has specialized education, training, or experience in a particular field. It is considered authoritative and is often used to support arguments in technical or complex matters.

impact statement: explains how an event, policy, or action affects individuals, communities, or organizations. In speeches, it highlights the significance or consequences of an issue to persuade or inform the audience. In legal settings, it may describe the emotional, financial, or physical effects of a crime on a victim.

· https://www.easybib.com/

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=easybib

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/why-speech-organization-is-important.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/speech-central-ideas-development.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/supporting-ideas-development-selection-and-characteristics.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/patterns-of-organization-for-informative-speeches.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/patterns-of-organization-for-persuasive-speeches.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/intergrating-supporting-material.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/preparation-and-speaking-outlines.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/outlining-your-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/introductions-and-conclusions.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/parts-of-a-speech-introduction.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/grabbing-the-audiences-attention.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-body-of-the-speech.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/parts-of-a-speech-conclusion.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/speech-transitions-context-importance.html

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=preparation+outline

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=speaking+outline

Chapter 12

· https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27923382M/Making_sense_of_language

· https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5217446M/Speech_can_change_your_life

· https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=gettysburg+address

· https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style:_Lessons_in_Clarity_and_Grace

· https://archive.org/details/style-lessons-in-clarity-and-grace-12th-edition-pdf-ebook/page/n24/mode/1up

· https://archive.org/details/insearchoflightb00murr/page/n7/mode/2up

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-language-relates-to-style.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/vivid-language-imagery-definition-examples.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/meaning-through-vocal-qualities.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/pronunciation-articulation-and-dialect.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-role-of-nonverbal-communication-during-speech-delivery.html

· https://study.com/learn/lesson/simile-examples-types.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-metaphor-examples-definition-types.html

· https://study.com/academy/lesson/alliteration-definition-examples-quiz.html

https://www.khanacademy.org/ela/cc-8th-reading-vocab/xe1f784c7c84e84fc:cc-8th-crossing-the-line/xe1f784c7c84e84fc:applying-vocabulary-knowledge/v/figurative-language-reading

https://study.com/academy/lesson/parallelism-how-to-write-and-identify-parallel-sentences.html

Chapter 12 Vocabulary

obvious meanings: clear, direct, and easily understood meanings. "Hot" obviously means high temperature.

subtle meanings: hidden, indirect, or less noticeable meanings. "Hot" can subtly mean "popular" or "trendy."

denotative meaning: the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.

connotative meaning: the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.

heinousness: the quality of being shockingly wicked, evil, or morally wrong. The heinousness of the crime shocked all.

amoral: lacking a sense of right or wrong; indifferent to morality. An amoral person doesn’t consider ethics.

emotional revulsion: a strong feeling of disgust or loathing. She felt emotional revulsion toward cruelty.

evoke response: to bring out or cause a reaction from someone. The film evoked tears from the audience.

stir up emotions: to provoke or intensify emotional reactions. The speech stirred up emotions of pride.

rally emotions to a cause: to gather and direct people's feelings in support of a cause. The leader rallied emotions for justice.

controversial issue: a topic that causes disagreement or debate. Abortion is a controversial issue.

impartial: not favoring any side; neutral and fair. Judges must remain impartial.

collaborate: to work together with others to achieve something. The teams collaborated on the project.

corroborate: to confirm or support a statement with evidence. Witnesses corroborated the alibi.

thesaurus: a book of synonyms.

shades of meaning: are the small, subtle differences between similar words or expressions. These variations can relate to intensity, tone, emotion, formality, or context. Recognizing these helps you choose the most precise word for your purpose. Example: Look vs. Glance vs. Stare; All involve seeing, but each has a different shade of meaning in terms of duration, intention, and emotional impact.

gobbledygook: confusing, wordy, bureaucratic language. Strongly negative, suggests nonsense.

eliminating verbal clutter: removing unnecessary words for clarity. Neutral to positive; about improving style.

deleterious effects: harmful, damaging effects (often subtle or long-term). Formal, often used in academic or health contexts.

homely words: simple, everyday, familiar words. Positive in writing; suggests plain and clear.

concrete words: words that refer to tangible objects.

abstract words: words that refer to ideas or concepts.

cluttered speech: speech filled with unnecessary, redundant, or confusing words. Negative; suggests poor communication.

clutter: discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

flabby phrases: weak, padded, vague expressions lacking strength or precision. Negative; suggests the need for editing.

pruning: cutting away excess words or phrases to make writing clearer and tighter. Positive; metaphor for careful editing.

imagery: the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

simile: an explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as,” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

cliché: a trite or overused expression.

metaphor: an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word “like” or “as,” between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.

rhythm: the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

cadence: refers to the rhythm, flow, and pattern of sounds in speech, poetry, music, or writing. In speaking and writing, it describes how words rise, fall, pause, and move—affecting tone, mood, and clarity. In music, it often signals the end of a phrase. Example: Speaking: “I have a dream…” (Martin Luther King Jr. used slow, rhythmic cadence to inspire.) Writing: A sentence with a natural, flowing cadence reads smoothly and is pleasing to the ear.

parallelism: the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

jarring statement: a comment that shocks, disturbs, or disrupts the flow. Negative; disrupts tone or expectations.

repetition: reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

alliteration: repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.

antithesis: the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

poignant imagery: vivid, emotionally moving descriptive language. Positive; evokes deep feelings or empathy.

political correctness: using language carefully to avoid offense, especially in sensitive topics. Can be viewed positively (respect) or negatively (excess caution).

personal courtesy: politeness shown in individual interactions. Positive; linked to respect and empathy.

perfunctory introduction: is a brief, mechanical, or superficial opening to a speech, meeting, or conversation. It lacks energy, genuine interest, or thoughtfulness and is often done just to fulfill a formality. Example: "Good afternoon, everyone. Let's begin." (Delivered without enthusiasm or warmth — just going through the motions.)

Shade of Meaning: Routine, Mechanical, Lacking engagement

to bemoan: means to express sorrow, grief, or strong regret about something — often aloud or publicly.

Example: "She bemoaned the decline of public education." Shade of Meaning: Formal tone, Expresses sadness, dissatisfaction, or complaint, Often involves lamenting something lost or deteriorated.

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