Films and Media
Kaczmarek, Robert, dir. Passports to Paraguay. 2020; Institute of National Remembrance.
Kohan, Rafael, dir. Rechts-Links. 2005; APKT Films.
Museo Judío del Paraguay. Recorrido virtual por el Museo Judío del Paraguay. 2021. Facebook.
Naciones Unidas Paraguay. 27 de enero. Día de conmemoración anual en memoria de las víctimas del holocausto. 2022. YouTube.
Red LAES. Los nazis después de la guerra: complicidad, impunidad y juicios. 2021. Zoom.
Historical Newspapers Articles
Evening Star. “300 Jews Stranded in Uruguay as Paraguay Cancels Visas.” (Washington, D.C.). Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, 14 Jan. 1939
Evening Star. “200 More to Join 300 Jews Stranded by Uruguay´s Bars.” (Washington, D.C.). Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress, 15 Jan. 1939
El Bien Público. “Conte Grande.” (Montevideo). Publicaciones Periódicas. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, 17 Jan. 1939
El Bien Público. “El Consejo de Ministros se Ocupó Ayer del Problema Inmigratorio.” (Montevideo). Publicaciones Periódicas. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, 17 Jan. 1939.
El Bien Público. “El Conte Grande.” (Montevideo). Publicaciones Periódicas. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, 13 Jan. 1939.
El Bien Público. “Hoy Sale el Conte Grande.” (Montevideo). Publicaciones Periódicas. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, 18 Jan. 1939
El Bien Público. “Inmigración y Colonizaje.” (Montevideo). Publicaciones Periódicas. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, 16 Jan. 1939.
El Bien Público. “Llegó Ayer el Conte Grande.” (Montevideo). Publicaciones Periódicas. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, 14 Jan. 1939.
El Bien Público. “Societa Anonima di Navigazione Genova: Próximas Salidas.” (Montevideo). Publicaciones Periódicas. Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay, 15 Jan. 1939.
Hanley, Charles J. “Elusive Dr. Mengele: unpunished symbol of Holocaust.” The Galveston Daily News, (Galveston, TX), May 20, 1985.
Hollywood Citizen News. “300 Jews Standed as Laws in Paraguay Are Changed.” (Los Angeles, CA), World Collection, 14 Jan. 1939.
Johnson City Chronicle. “Paraguayan Change of Heart Strands 300 Refugee Jews.” (Johnson City, Tennessee), World Collection, 15 Jan. 1939.
“Paraguay and Peru Welcome Jewish Immigration, Hias Annual Meeting Hears.” The Archive of Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Mar. 15, 1927.
“Paraguay Modifies Decree on Refugees.” The Archive of The Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Jan. 23, 1939.
Raymont, Henry. “Germans Reported Pressing Paraguay on Nazi.” The New York Times (New York, NY), Aug. 20, 1964.
St. Louis Globe-Democrat. “Paraguay Bars 300 Refugees.” (St. Louis, MO), World Collection. Jan. 15, 1939.
The Knoxville Journal. “Stopped by Paraguayan Government.” (Knoxville, Tennessee), World Collection, Jan. 15, 1939.
The Nebraska State Journal. “Doors Closed to Jews in Paraguay.” (Lincoln, Nebraska), World Collection, Jan. 15, 1939.
The Salt Lake Tribune. “Refugee Jews Stranded in Montevideo: Paraguay Fiat Refuses Homes to 300.” (Salt Lake City, UT), World Collection, Jan. 15, 1939.
“Uruguay Cabinet Acts Today on 500 Barred by Paraguay.” The Archive of The Jewish Telegraphic Agency. January 16, 1939.
Wilkes-Barre Times Leader. “907 Jewish Emigrants leave Cuba.” The Evening News, June 2, 1939.
Images
Bareiro, Mónica. “Perpetuar la memoria.” ABC COLOR. (Asunción, PY), Nov. 9, 2013.
B.C. (g), according to Mynseen´s sketch. Guerra de América del Sur. Combate de la estancia Asunción, cerca de Mbutuy, el 26 de junio de 1865, entre una división paraguaya y dos brigadas brasileñas del ejército riograndense. Engraving on metal, 17,5cm x 13cm., L´Ilustration, Paris.
Combatientes embarcando, al Chaco. Photograph, 9 x 5cm, Asunción, 1932-1935. Imagoteca
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Zvi Rosenwein, Paraguayan passport issued to Cwi Rosenwein by the Paraguayan consulate in Bern, Switzerland and valid for a two-year period, Source Record ID: Collections: 2000.323, December 1942.
Secondary Sources - Books
Cálcena Ramírez, Juan. Un nazi en el sur: El carnicero de Riga en Paraguay. Asunción: Tiempo Ediciones & Contenidos, 2017.
Cohen, J.X. Jewish Life in South America. New York: Bloch Publishing Company, 1941.
Colmán, Andrés. Mengele en Paraguay. Asunción: ServiLibro, 2018.
Gertopán, Susana. Barrio Palestina. Asunción: Arandurã Editorial, 1998.
Kleiner, Alberto. Inmigración Judía a Uruguay; Perú y Paraguay. Argentina: Instituto Hebreo de Ciencias, 1943.
Lesser, Jeffrey. Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.
Macintyre, Ben. Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1992.
Seiferheld, Alfredo. Los Judíos en el Paraguay. Asunción: El Lector, 1984.
Seiferheld, Alfredo. Nazismo y Fascismo en el Paraguay: Los Años de la Guerra 1939-1945. Asunción: Editorial Histórica, 1986.
Seiferheld, Alfredo. Nazismo y Fascismo en el Paraguay: Vísperas de la II Guerra Mundial. Asunción: Editorial Histórica, 1985.
Wievorka, Annette. The Era of the Witness. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006.
Secondary Sources – Online Sources
Cáceres, Romina. “Los genocidas amigos del dictador.” El Surtidor. (Asunción, PY), Feb. 02, 2021.
Conte, Thomas. “Conte Grande.” https://thomconte.com/conte-grande/ Accessed on Feb. 20, 2022.
Dos Santos, Juan Carlos. “Honrar la memoria: el Museo Judío del Paraguay.” ABC Color. (Asunción, PY), Feb. 04, 2017.
italianliners. «Italia Flotte Riunite». Accessed on Feb. 20, 2022. https://www.italianliners.com/italia-flotte-riunite-en.
Kierszenbaum, José. “El Episodio del Conte Grande.” Centro Recordatorio del Holocausto. Apr. 19, 2016.
“Reconcile.” Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary. “Reconcile.” dictionary.cambridge.org, April 27, 2022. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/reconcile.
Tognina, Andrea and Helen James. “A tale of passports, profiteers and escaping Nazi persecution.” Swissinfo.ch. Jan. 14, 2020.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Holocaust Denial: Key Dates.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/holocaust-denial-key-dates. Accessed on Apr. 27, 2022.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Kristallnacht.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kristallnacht. Accessed on Apr. 27, 2022.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “The Evian Conference.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-evian-conference. Accessed on April 27, 2022.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “The Nuremberg Race Laws.” Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nuremberg-race-laws. Accessed on April 27, 2022.
Velázquez Seiferheld, David. “Pasaportes paraguayos para sobrevivir.” La Nación. (Asunción, PY), April 28, 2019.
Secondary Sources – Scholarly Articles
Cipko, Serge and John C. Lehr. “Ukrainian settlement in Paraguay.” Prairie Perspectives: Geographical Essays, Volume 9 No. 1, pp. 31-46, October 2006.
Feldman Joffe, Miguel. “El Caso del Conte Grande: Inmigración y Antisemitismo en el Uruguay.” Vida y muerte en comunidad ensayos sobre judaísmo en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Kehila - Comunidad Israelita del Uruguay, 1990.
Galecka, Gabriela and Cezary Obracht-Prondzýnski. “Polish Community in Paraguay: Maintaining National Identity in Everyday Life and Festivity.” Revista del CESLA, no.20, pp. 123-150, 2017.
Lewin, Isaac and Krzyzanowski. “Attempts at Rescuing European Jews with the Help of Polish Diplomatic Missions during World War II.” The Polish Review, 1977, Vol. 22, No. 4 (1977), pp. 3-23.
Ramírez, Andrés D. “The Final Report of the Truth and Justice Commission.” In The Paraguay Reader: History, Culture, Politics, 309-313. Durham: Duke University Press