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Caves, arches, stacks and stumps:
The erosional processes of hydraulic action and abrasion enlarge cracks in the headland
The fracture starts to open up as the waves continue to pound away at it, forming a cave
The cave grows in size and ultimately breaches through the headland, forming an arch.
The arch's foundation continues to widen as it erodes until its roof becomes too heavy and crashes into the sea. This results in a stack an isolated column of rock
The base of the stack is undercut until it collapses to leave a stump
Loss of tourism (the largest industry in the Maldives, producing about 33% of GDP)
Coastal flooding may also damage fish processing plants, reducing the Maldives fish exports. Fish are the Maldives' largest export (producing about 10% of GDP), so this will also massively decrease the country's income
In 2015, almost one million international tourists visited the Maldives
Social impacts:
Houses may be damaged or destroyed, and extreme flooding may evict whole villages
Many of the islands' freshwater supplies are already depleted. If supplies are contaminated by salty saltwater during floods, there will be less fresh water available. To satisfy their water needs, some islands will have to rely on rainfall or develop costly desalination facilities (both of which are economically feasible)
Environmental impacts:
Coastal flooding is rapidly eroding the beaches of the islands. This damages ecosystems and exposes the area behind the shore to flood damage
Most of the islands' soil is shallow (20cm deep or less), and the soil layer might be quickly swept away by coastal floods, preventing most vegetation from growing
Political impacts:
The Maldives government was forced to request $60 million from the Japanese government in order to construct the 3m high sea wall that protects MalΓ©, the main city
Environmental regulations are evolving as a result of greater flooding caused by rising sea levels caused by global warming. The Maldives Government has vowed to be carbon neutral in order to avoid contributing to global warming and is pushing other countries to do the same
Long-term plans are also being revised. The government is contemplating purchasing property in nations such as India and Australia and relocating Maldivians there before the islands become untenable
Location:
Sandbanks is located on the South coast of the UK in Poole, South West of Bournemouth. Sediment cell 5 between Portland Bill and Selsey Bill. Sandbanks is a wave-created spit at the mouth of Poole harbour
The need for management:
High value properties built on this land and has provided employment opportunities which has boosted the local economy
Residential properties are in high demand and have extremely high prices. Sandbanks is the 4th most expensive place to live in the world with detached houses costing up to Β£10m
The beach is a tourist attraction, it has high quality water that is gently sloping i making it ideal for swimming
It provides protection and shelter from waves making it popular for water sports
Climate change means that sea levels are predicted to rise by 0.6m in the next 100 years. This would cause flooding of properties and also breach the peninsula. If no management strategies are applied, Β£18m of damage may occur in the next 20 years
What strategies have been used:
Rock groynes. Added on Branksome beach in winter 2008/2009. Reduce the movement of sediment via longshore drift. This also keeps access free for shipping and also absorbs wave energy. Without groynes, the erosion rate would be 1.6m per year
Sea wall in Baiter. December 2014. Β£175,000 was paid by the government specifically for this project
Beach replenishment in Poole Bay. Trial in 2015 cost Β£260,000, hoped that a feed of sand on a regular basis will stabilise the beach width in Poole. Provide a more economically and environmentally sustainable beach
Between 1970-2000, more than 1.5million cubic meters of sand was used to replenish beaches at Bournemouth and Poole
1978 - Open Door Policy
New leader Deng Xiaping radically changed the outlook to embrace globalisation while continuing under one-party authoritarian rule
Began with rural reforms such as allowing farmers to make small profits. The one-child policy was also introduced to try and slow population growth
Began transition to an increasingly industrial and urban nation. Over the next 30 years largest migration in human history. 300 million people moved from rural to urban areas in search of a better standard of living
1980s
Experience with Special Economic Zones (SEZs) developed:
Market-oriented reforms were introduced in selected SEZ areas
Need to adapt to changing conditions and continue to spur innovation
Have contributed 22% of China's GDP, 45% of total national FDI and 60% of exports
Just how "open" is China's economy?
Closed
Google and Facebook have little to no access to China's market
Government sets a strict quota of only 34 foreign films to be screened in cinemas each year
Strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors. The Government blocked Coca-Cola's acquisition of Huiyan Juice in 2008
Open
Agreed to export more rare earth minerals to other countries, in line with a WTO ruling
FDI from China and TNCs are predicted to total $1.25 trillion between 2015 and 2025
Foreign TNCs are now allowed to invest in some sectors of China's domestic markets, including its rail freight and chemical
Immigration: Large-scale EU immigration, particularly after 2004, has led to the UK population expanding from 59 million in 2001 to 63 million by 2011. Although open-door immigration has economic benefits, it also increases demand for new homes
Deregulation: The UK is relatively open to international investment, including enabling foreign individuals and businesses to purchase real estate. The Guardian estimated in 2016 that offshore tax havens owned 40,000 London residences. These properties may or may not be occupied or rented
Second homes and vacation homes: In the UK, there are little limitations on people owning residences to rent out, such as as a holiday let or as a second home. A high number of residences in some rural locations may not be available to locals
All of the aforementioned variables contribute to restrict housing supply while increasing the cost of other dwellings. Longer term, there is a danger that extremely high property prices would deter investment in some areas. Foreign or UK-based investors may be discouraged from investing in regions where accommodation for workers is too expensive
Vitaly Malkin:
Russian-Israeli businessman worth 1 billion, co-founder of Rossisski Kredit - 3rd largest bank in 90s, member of Russian senate since 04 - invested millions in toronto and trying to get Canadian citizenship since 94 but denied due to involvement in money laundering and international arms deals
Boris Berezovsky:
Made his fortune by capturing state assets at knockdown prices after collapse of USSR (91), reached peak during Yeltsin years, survived series of assassination attempts, critical of Putin, fled to Britain in 2001, granted political asylum, based in London, found dead in his home 'suicide' but others think murder
Mikhail Prokhorov:
One of Russia's leading industrialists in the precious metals sector, amongst richest men in Russia worth 8.9 billion, owns the new Jersey nets, launched presidential campaign got 7.9%
Roman Abramovich:
Putin's son', worth 7billion, 151st richest man in the world, 13th in Russia, small private army of 40, owns Chelsea football club, ex-business partner of Berezovsky, involved in theft, fraud, anti trust law violation, scandals and aluminum wars
Heathrow 3rd Runaway Case Study
Advantages:
A benefit of Heathrow expansion is that there will be more jobs more the local people
Heathrow would be able to boost the UKβs growth by Β£150bn and create 60,000 new jobs
They have said that continued improvements to aircraft efficiency mean air traffic could double by 2050 without a substantial increase in emissions
The airport said a third runway would provide benefits to the UK worth Β£100bn and expansion would bring considerable benefits to the local community
Disadvantages:
Local groups say the north-west runway plan at Heathrow will require significant demolition in the villages of Longford and Harmondsworth
With the 3rd runaway being built this would mean that there would be more air and noise pollution meaning that the people living in the countryside around the airport would constantly hear the endless noises of aeroplanes
John Stewart, of the Airport Watch campaign, said Heathrow would become the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the country
Many people have argued, with the growth of the internet and teleconferencing, it is possible that businesses will adapt and limit the growth of business trips rather than expensive travel
HS2 Case Study
Advantages:
Shorter journeys supporters of HS2 say it will make travelling much quicker as the trains will travel at speeds of up to 250 miles per hour
While it is being built, it is expected to create thousands of jobs. People doing all sorts of work will be needed for it, from engineers to IT workers
The project will triple the number of people able to take the train across the entire route
More freight (goods) being moved around by train rather than on the roads which would help cut carbon emissions
Disadvantages:
The cost of the project was originally estimated to be around Β£56billion but last summer the government admitted the project was running around Β£30 billion over budget
The whole HS2 project is due to be completed by 2040, but it is already behind schedule
One of the biggest arguments against HS2 is around how it might impact the country's green spaces and countryside
In some areas, houses might have to be demolished to make way for the line, so some people who don't want to leave aren't happy
Between 2002 and 2009, the southeast of Australia experienced its worst drought in 125 years. This was attributed to El NiΓ±o, where moist trade winds are reversed, so instead of bringing rainfall to Australia, they travelled west towards South America, leaving south-east Australia with a lack of rainfall. Some scientists believe climate change exacerbated this drought by also reducing rainfall. Human activities added to the problem, with water supplies wasted through domestic uses such as filling swimming pools, washing cars and watering grass lawns
Primary impacts:
Animals died of thirst and starvation
Many crops died
Water shortages as reservoirs emptied
Secondary impacts:
Water restrictions enforced.
Wildfires caused by drought destroyed vegetation and animals' habitats.
Creeks and rivers dried up causing the organisms relying on them to die or migrate.
Increased soil erosion can destroy vegetation and the creatures which rely on it to survive.
Droughts degrade the quality of the soil affecting farming for years to come.
Some farmers had to sell machinery, land or even move elsewhere and lose their livelihood.
Wine industry affected
How people dealt with the droughts:
Water management plans.
Cultivation of drought-tolerant plant species.
Irrigation.
Financial support for farmers.
Desalination plants.
More efficient prediction from satellite systems.
Dams
USA - Ranks 2nd energy consumer, France ranks 10th
This difference can mainly be explained by differences in population (318.9 million compared with 64.6 million)
Climate - Higher US consumption reflects the fact that the country experiences extremes of heat and cold - energy needed for heating and AC
France uses a lot more nuclear energy - 41%
France imports all its natural gas and oil, USA only imports 15% making it more energy secure
The government of the United Kingdom wishes to minimise carbon dioxide emissions. It also wishes to boost the proportion of energy derived from renewable sources
By 2020, the European Union's plans call for 20% of energy to come from renewable sources. Because 20% is an average percentage for the EU, each member state may have a different aim
The United Kingdom has set a target of sourcing 15% of its energy consumption from renewable sources. (In the United Kingdom, renewable energy accounted for barely 3% of total energy consumption in 2009.) Sweden has a target of approximately 50%, whereas Malta has a target of 10%
The EU also aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% below 1990 levels by 2050.
There are two ways the energy use can change in the UK:
Reducing the demand for energy
Increasing the supply of renewable energy
Reducing energy demand:
The demand for energy in the UK varies. This is because of:
Economic factors: During the recession, for example, energy consumption did not rise as projected.
Seasonal factors: For example, demand for home energy is higher in the winter than in the summer.
Temporal factors: For example, because demand is lower at night, there is excess energy on the national grid.
What rare earths are located there:
South China Sea is a vital trade artery - accounts for 30% of the world's trade passes
China is claiming islands that are within other countries' SEZs - military bases or exploit their natural resources
China has constructed artificial islands over coral reefs to create land for air strips and oil rigs
Estimated 11 billion barrels of untapped oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas
What islands are being claimed:
In the East China Sea it is the Senkaku/Daiyou islands
In the South China Sea, it spans an area from Paracel islands in the north, the Scarborough Shoal to the east, and the Spratly Islands in the south (the Iron triangle)
How has economic power been employed to achieve this national interest:
China has given 500 million in soft loans to Cambodia to "discourage formal discussion" about China's maritime activity at the 2012 ASEAN conference
Has incentivized fishermen to build, occupy, and monitor disputed islands by subsidizing costs by 20,000
Purchased the retrofitted aircraft carrier 'Liaoning' by some estimates, for 120 million
Impacts:
2013 - the Philippines raised a case in a court of arbitration in The Hague, arguing that Beijing's claim violated UN conventions, Beijing rejected the court's authority to rule
Paracel archipelago - 2015-16, China is alleged to have installed two launch batteries for surface-to-air missiles. Paracels are claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan
Spratly Islands - China has built over coral reefs, creating artificial land on reefs claimed by the Philippines. The area is rich in oil and gas
Australia's immigration policy has always been based solely on skills and employment. 70% of the immigrants permitted into Australia came to work in regions where there were skills shortages, with the majority settling in big cities such as Melbourne
Immigrants, on average, contribute 10% more per capita than non-immigrants
Australia's population is ageing, but because migrants are often young, the ageing population is balanced.Β Only 190,000 economic migrants were permitted to enter Australia in 2013
Singapore's population includes a sizable proportion of international workers
Singapore's population of 5 million people is ethnically diverse
It is the fourth-largest financial centre in the world. Many multinational corporations have their Asia-Pacific headquarters in Singapore
Many foreign schools have also been established to educate migrants whose first language is not Malay (the national language)
Japan's population is ageing; 27 percent of the population is 65 and older, and the working-age population is anticipated to fall to 44 million by 2037, half of what it was in 2007
In most modern economies, roughly 5% of people are immigrants, but in Japan, this figure is only 1.7 percent. According to the UN, Japan will need 17 million migrants by 2050 to ensure that population levels do not fall below 2007 level
Migration is restricted due to the fact that Japanese is not an international language, therefore many people do not speak it outside of Japan, and the country's closed-door policy regarding migrants
Iceland:
The physical isolation of Iceland ensured that its population experienced a strong sense of common identity and homogeneity
Many cultural traditions borne of hardship in earlier times have survived to the present day
In 2018 McDonald's closed its restaurant in Iceland: Its high prices and deterred customers
The empty premises were taken over by a locally owned company selling exclusively Icelandic food and ingredients instead
This could be seen as a sign of global culture in retreat
The ratio of tourist inhabitants is among the highest in the world and may lead to more visitors wanting to settle there permanently, leading to greater cultural diversity
Singapore:
Singapore is a cultural melting pot of Malay, Chinese, Indian and European influences
From 1926 to 1946 it played a major strategic role as a military in trading hub under the British administration
The political decision to make it a free port encourage migration from China, the Indian subcontinent, Indonesia, the Malay peninsula and the Middle East
After independence, Singapore became a fast growing 'Asian tiger' economy and today has a per capita income GDP of USD $82,000
As a result of this prosperity, it remains a magnet for new waves of migrants who bring their customs, religions and festivals with them
The Middle East provides yet another instance of an unhappy fit between state borders and regions ethnic map
One root cause of many ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Syria is the Sykes-Picot line
This boundary was drawn by Great Britain and France in 1916 in order to define their own spheres of influence in the Middle East
As a result it is now distributed between four states: Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria
The terrorist organisation Daesh (IS) and al Qaeda have shown little respect for either territorial borders or human rights
That is an immense military challenge here: first to contain and defeat Daesh; Secondly, to begin the political and cultural rehabilitation of the region in hope that geopolitical stability returns
European powers began to colonise Africa in the 1700s
They aimed to create a system of raw material extraction for export and made little productive investment in African countries
The enormous territory of DRC is home to 24 ethnic groups who jointly came under Belgian role in the late 1800s Anne finally gained independence in 1960
This cultural diversity has posed a huge challenge to postcolonial unity and has been a major factor contributing to conflict in the DRC
Enduring problems also arise from the way that boundaries between DRC, Uganda and Rwanda were established by Belgian, Great Britain and Germany
The geographical region traditionally occupied by ethnic Tutsis and hutu people became fragmented
The resulting transnational identity of both groups is a cause of ongoing political instability and violent territorial skirmishes in central Africa
Rwanda:
Possibly one of the worst examples of the cost of ignoring deep-rooted tribal divisions comes from the small African country of Rwanda
All the native people of Rwanda were believed to be drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda
Before and since independence in 1962, the Hutu have struggled for supremacy
After 30 years of tension, matters came to a head in April 1994 where the Hutu decided to literally eliminate the Tutsi
Many Tutsis fled in terror to neighbouring countries but, within 100 days, around 800,000 of them were massacred
Today some stability has returned to Rwanda and the economy has recovered
While ethnic discrimination continues between Hutu and Tutsis, the country has one of the best gender equality records in the world
The boundaries of Russia have changed several times most recently when Russia effectively annexed part of Ukraine in 2014
Its eventual inclusion as part of the independent state of Ukraine in 1991 was conversion due to large number of ethnic Russians still living there
In 2014, a brief period of civil conflict in Crimea ended with territory being annexed by Russia
The international community condemned this but no actual steps were taken to prevent it
China has claimed sovereignty over Taiwan since 1949
The issue of Taiwanese sovereignty has strained relations between China and other global superpowers including the USA and the EU
Mainland China maintains that Taiwan is part of China
However Taiwan claims interdependence as a distinct state and wants to become a member of the United nations
Relations between China and Taiwan remain complex
Taiwanese firms like Foxconn are major investors in China thereby making both countries interdependent despite the Chinese government insistence that Taiwan should not remain independent
After gaining independence in 1962 Jamaica enjoyed strong economic growth and achieve middle income status quickly
Three decades later income started to plateau, including the following a massive financial crisis in the 1990s and a further set back after the 2008 global financial crisis
Jamaica's public debt had reached a historic high of about 147% of GDP making it one of the most indebted countries in the world
After a debt exchange, the IMF supported programme that went off track in 2011 the country was on the verge of an economic meltdown with no access to international capital markets
The IMF supported reform programme placed a floor on social spending, which the authorities consistently exceeded
Several reforms supported by the IMF are completed or underway to further strengthen the security dealers and financial sectors more broadly
Category 4 cyclone with an air pressure of 944 mb, winds of 240 kmph, and storm surges of 6 m.
Impact exacerbated by:
The Bay of Bengal's funnel form concentrates water on Bangladesh at the bay's apex
Outflow from the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers combines with coastal floods
Flooding is exacerbated by the cyclone's heavy rains
The coast is made of unconsolidated delta material, which is quickly eroded
Mangrove swamp deforestation
60% of Bangladesh is low lying, with elevations of less than 3 metres above sea level
15,000 people were killed, and 55,000 were injured. 1.6 million dwellings have been destroyed.
8,000 kilometres of road, 700 kilometres of power transmission lines, and 900 fresh water tube wells were destroyed
Crops have been devastated on 600,000 hectares of agricultural land
The total cost of the damage is expected to be $1.7 billion
However, the death toll was far lower than in the 1970 Bhola Cyclone, which killed 300,000 people. (Economic loss of $90 million) Many lives are saved as a result of improved warnings, embankments, and a cyclone shelter network