Success in PSYC 200

One of the best things about studying statistics and psychology is that you can leverage what we know from research to improve your grade… not just in this course, but in every course you ever take. Sometimes the hardest part is letting go of ineffective habits and developing more effective ones, but to succeed in this course you will have to do more than work hard… you will have to work smart. So, what does the science have to say about what leads to student success?

01-A: What are Statistics?

• What are statistics?

• Why are they useful?

• Why should I love them?

Statistics are summary numbers that represents a sample. We will define and discuss this definition in later sections, but it sounds pretty boring, right? In reality, statistics are fascinating because they are the study of us!

Watch: Why you should love statistics.

Statistics help us learn about ourselves! They also help us to make informed decisions, as John Cook states (https://www.johndcook.com/blog/decision-theory/): No one cares about statistical results per se. The purpose of statistical analysis is to inform decisions...We are all forced to make decisions under uncertainty. It would be preferable to remove all uncertainty, though that’s not usually an option. By the time the fog of uncertainty has lifted, it may be too late to act.

“Certain knowledge, to the extent that it ever comes, is given us only after the moment of opportunity has passed.” — George Gilder

Since we have no choice but to make decisions while things we’d like to know remain uncertain, we must work intelligently with uncertainty." Statistics is how we can work best within this world of uncertainty to make intelligent decisions. This course will help you understand, and use, statistics to enable you to better consume and produce information and informed decisions.

Read: How I Learned to Love Statistics and Why you Should, Too.

01-B: Mindset Matters

Is my grade in a course just a reflection of how intelligent I am as a person?

• What is the difference between "fixed" and "growth" mindsets?

• How might students with different mindsets behave differently?

• How did Dweck demonstrate that changing our mindsets can change our performance? Be prepared to describe the methodology used by the researchers, and what they found, in both of the studies they discuss in the article.

Before you even begin this course we need to address a very important fact… the beliefs you have about your own intelligence will influence how well you do in this course. Read about Dweck's research on growth mindsets and academic performance. The key idea here is that hard work and well-placed effort makes you more intelligent - and knowing that can improve your grade!

READ: Students' View of Intelligence Can Help Grades

01-C: Learning Styles?

• Do I really have a "learning style" that determines whether or not I can successfully learn in a course?

Chances are that you have heard about the idea that different people learn different ways and that in order for you to be successful information needs to be presented in a way that matches your style. So what do psychological scientists have to say about that?

READ: Do Learning Styles Limit Learning?

01-D: Studying Smart

• What does "studying smart" involve?

  • Why is distributed practice more effective than "studying a lot" for a test?

  • Which common studying techniques were found to be the least effective for students?

  • Why does being tested help me learn? What is the research evidence that supports the Testing Effect? How should this influence how I study?

• What is the evidence that planning to teach can help you learn?

• How can UMD students get some coaching on how to study LESS and get MORE from that time?

Would you advise an athletic team to take the practice season off, wait until a couple days before their first game, and then stay up all night practicing? Should the band spend a few hours watching videos of other people play instruments, and then just wing it at halftime? Cramming might work when the goal is to temporarily memorize some facts, but that's not the same as truly learning how to do something. For that, we need consistent practice and feedback.

Every semester a handful of students come to their instructor after the first exam and say "I don't understand why I didn't do well on this, I studied really hard." The problem is that this is not a question of effort -- it is a question of effectiveness. Many times students are relying on old habits that got them by in the past, but the most successful students use research-based approaches to study smart.

READ: Highlighting Is a Waste of Time: The Best and Worst Learning Techniques

READ: What is the Testing Effect?

READ: A Teaching Mindset Can Enhance Learning

01-E: Healthy Brain = Better Gains

• What can I do to help my brain help me?

  • What is the relationship between sleep and learning?

  • How does what you eat influence what you learn? You don't need to memorize all of the nutritional elements described, but be prepared to provide at least one specific example.

  • Why would a moderate amount of exercise improve academic performance?

READ: Don’t Neglect The Obvious: Sleep, Nutrition and Exercise

01-F: Self-Handicapping

• Why would people use self-handicapping to protect their ego? What research evidence is there that this occurs? Describe what the researchers did and what they found.

We tend to assume that having a positive self-esteem is a good thing... though in some cases, our desire to feel good about ourselves can lead us to make decisions that hold us back from achieving our potential.

READ: Self-Handicapping Your Resolutions

01-G: Mindfulness

• How can mindfulness meditation improve academic performance?

• How did researchers test the effects of mindfulness? Be clear about their methodology and findings.

• Are the effects of mindfulness meditation the same for all groups that have been studied?

VISIT: Even Brief Meditation Can Improve Student Performance

01-H: Distraction

• What is inattentional blindness?

• How does cognitive load influence your learning?

• What is the evidence that laptops and cellphones can interfere with your learning? Be specific about the research methods used to address that question.

VISIT: Digital Distractions

Careers in Statistics - Learn more about many of the various career opportunities for people interested in pursuing statistics in areas such as public service, health and wellness, environmental science, technology, professional sports, journalism and so many more!

Career Outlook for Statisticians: Read the quick facts about the expected pay, outlook and job growth for statisticians (hint: It looks great).

Careers in Psychology - Learn more about what careers you can find applying statistics in the psychology field in the sections on "What is psychology?" and "Some of the subfields in psychology."

Careers in Industrial Organizational Study - Learn more about what an I/O psychologist does and how you can pursue a Master's degree here at the University of Maryland.