Corn Smut
Jayden Jackson
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Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Kingdom: Fungi Basidiomycete
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Subphylum: Ustilaginomycotina
Class: Ustilaginales
Order: Ustilaginales
Family: Ustilaginaceae
Genus: Ustilago
Species: Ustilago Maydis
Genus: Ustilago - Fungus
Specific epithet: Maydis - Smut
Introduction
Introduction
Ustilago Maydis
The majority of the corn smut occurencies are in the United States and occur all year, but have higher rates during August and September. (Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda in GBIF Secretariat, 2022)
The rates of this fungi has grown exponentally starting at the year 2000 and has only shown growth since then. (Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda in GBIF Secretariat, 2022)
The primary literature article synopsis: Ustilago Maydis is open to genttic experimentation, but there are few markers available for DNA transformations. Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, 1994)
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Fungi (Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda in GBIF Secretariat, 2022)
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Subphylum: Ustilaginomycotina
Class: Ustilaginales
Order: Ustilaginales
Family: Ustilaginaceae
Genus: Ustilago
Species: Ustilago Maydis
Genus: Ustilago - Fungus
Specific epithet: Maydis - Smut
Background
Background
Corn smut is a member of smut fungi. It infects maize and spreads easily. (Thomas Brefort, Gunther Doehlemann, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Stefanie Reissmann, Armin Djamei, Regine Kahmann, 2009)
Infection starts during seedling stage and continues to grow during the development. The fungus grows intracellular, 5-6 days later it is found in tumor tissue. (Thomas Brefort, Gunther Doehlemann, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Stefanie Reissmann, Armin Djamei, Regine Kahmann, 2009)
Variable sized growths, also called tumors. In some cases they dry up and rapture, this is when the disease is spread.(Thomas Brefort, Gunther Doehlemann, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Stefanie Reissmann, Armin Djamei, Regine Kahmann, 2009)
This is found in most states in the U.S. as well as other countries. It is mainly concentrated from the great plains to Ohio. (Thomas Brefort, Gunther Doehlemann, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Stefanie Reissmann, Armin Djamei, Regine Kahmann, 2009)
The Experiment
The Experiment
This experiment was held in the Biotechnology Laboratory at the University of British Columbia in Canada. The authors were Scott, E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies and James W. Kronstad. (Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, 1994)
In this study they looked at the genes involved in dimorphism and pathogenesis. Doing so they made vectors with 3 new dominant selectable markers for transformation, which stood in place for the genes used to resist toxins. (Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, 1994)
In the experiment they isolated the Ben gene. 22 transformants were selected, 12 were selected on medium contraining and the other 10 were normal. Medium contraining means that there were less Ben mutants present and they were put under ultraviolet light. (Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, 1994)
The Results
The Results
The chart is showing how each genetic structure reacted with the DNA concerning the fungi.
Conclusion
Conclusion
The growth of transformants BEN1 T1-T9 on medium without Ben had a loss of resistance. They also found that an allele of the genes of U. maydis are selectable markers for the transformation. (Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, 1994)
There is not a possible cure for this fungi. (Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, 1994)
There are minor variations in efficiency of these genes. The different genes present each fight the corn smut differently. (Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, 1994)
References
References
Scott E. Gold, Guus Bakkeren, Julian E. Davies, James W. Kronstad, Three selectable markers for transformation of Ustilago maydis, Gene, Volume 142, Issue 2, 1994, Pages 225-230, ISSN 0378-1119, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(94)90265-8.
Thomas Brefort, Gunther Doehlemann, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Stefanie Reissmann, Armin Djamei, Regine Kahmann, Ustilago maydis as a Pathogen, Annual Review of Phytopathology 2009 47:1, 423-445. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081923#_i22
Ustilago Maydis (DC.) Corda. GBIF. (n.d.). Retrieved February 3, 2023, from https://www.gbif.org/species/2557469
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