African Americans

This guide presents a variety of artworks, from the 17th century to the present, that highlight the presence and experiences of Black communities across the Atlantic world. Use the collections in the virtual gallery below to engage your students in conversation about the many narratives of everyday life, enslavement, and resistance that have been told through art.

African History; Global Encroachment

African history in the last 500 years is very rich and diverse -a period of immense interaction within the continent and on a global scale. This lesson highlights the impact of Europe on Africa, but bear in mind that while this impact is very significant, it is not the only factor in Africa’s more recent history.

The Middle Passage

In this lesson, students consider individual experiences of the Middle Passage by exploring a textbook account and four primary sources.

Life at Sea: Middle Passage

In this lesson, students will be better able to describe the experiences of an enslaved African man enduring the Middle Passage using primary sources.

Slave Voyages

The SlaveVoyages website is a collaborative digital initiative that compiles and makes publicly accessible records of the largest slave trades in history. Search these records to learn about the broad origins and forced relocations of more than 12 million African people who were sent across the Atlantic in slave ships, and hundreds of thousands more who were trafficked within the Americas.

Museum of the American Revolution: Finding Freedom

"Slavery and unfree labor stood at the heart of American life from the founding of the colonies, and benefitted even those who did not own enslaved people. It touched — and was practiced in — every colony, including all of those in the North. The purpose of this unit is to remind students that neither the American Revolution, nor the experiences and choices of people of African descent within it, can be grasped without this understanding."

Taking Up Arms and the Challenge of Slavery in the Revolutionary Era

This lesson is designed to help students understand the transition to armed resistance and the contradiction in the Americans' rhetoric about slavery through the examination of a series of documents.

10 Facts: Black Patriots in the American Revolution

Facts about African-Americans and their involvement in the American Revolution. Everything from how many served to what roles they participated in!

African Americans: Revolutionary War

Learn about some the African Americans who fought in the American Revolution below

Slavery in the Constitution

In this lesson, students consider the positions of delegates to the Constitutional Convention along with historians' interpretations to understand this apparent contradiction.

Founding Principles and the Problem of Slavery

Students will be introduced to the concept of Founding principles based on natural law and natural rights as expressed in the Declaration of Independence and analyze primary source documents

Slavery in America: From the Founding to America’s Second Founding

In this activity, you will compare and contrast the founding story of America’s fight for liberty with the founding story of existence of slavery.

Slavery and the American Founding: The "Inconsistency not to be excused"

This lesson will focus on the views of the founders as expressed in primary documents from their own time and in their own words.

The Underground Railroad and the Fugitive Slave Act

These lessons are designed to help students understand the social aspect of slavery, mainly how slavery affected the lives of slaves and the slave owners.

Oh Freedom! Sought Under the Fugitive Slave Act

In this activity, students will examine primary sources related to a couple, William and Ellen Craft, who escaped slavery and were considered fugitives.

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

In this lesson, students will comprehend the organizational structure of the Underground Railroad; learn about one of its most famous conductors, Harriet Tubman; and consider ways that heroines and heroes of slavery resistance should be remembered.

Perspective on the Slave Narrative

To help students recognize the complex nature of the slave narrative and its combination of varied literary traditions and devices, this lesson explores William Brown's (a fugitive slave) work from a variety of perspectives.

Frederick Douglass's, “What To the Slave Is the Fourth of July?”

What is now known as the "What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?" speech was delivered on July 5, 1852 as an address to the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society in Rochester, New York.

Ain't I A Woman?

In May 1851, Sojourner Truth gave a speech at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention that became known as the "Ain't I A Woman" speech.

Teaching a People’s History of the Abolition Movement

In this lesson, students explore many of the real challenges faced by abolitionists with a focus on the American Anti-Slavery Society.

William Henry Singleton’s Resistance to Slavery: Overt and Covert

In this lesson, students will learn that enslaved people resisted their captivity constantly.

Slavery's Opponents and Defenders

This lesson plan will explore the wide-ranging debate over American slavery by presenting the lives of its leading opponents and defenders and the views they held about America's "peculiar institution."

African-American Civil War Soldiers

Students will recognize the role of African-American soldiers in the Civil War and identify the efforts of African-American soldiers to secure rights and responsibilities of citizenship through primary sources

Men of Color: to Arms!

Students will read and then rewrite a recruitment broadside and then will create a visual that contains four reasons why African Americans should fight in the Civil War.

The Massachusetts 54th Regiment: Honoring the Heroes

In this lesson students carefully observe and analyze the memorial, read and answer questions about Shaw and the 54th Regiment, pose for a photograph like the men in the sculpture, and then create a comic strip featuring one of the heroes of this regiment.

The Emancipation Proclamation: Freedom's First Steps

Through examination of the original document, related writings of Lincoln as well as little known first person accounts of African Americans during the war, students can return to this "first step" and explore the obstacles and alternatives we faced in making the journey toward "a more perfect Union."

The Reconstruction Era 3-Week Unit

A resource based on a 3-week study of the Reconstruction era guided by the essential question "What can we learn from the history of Reconstruction as we work to strengthen democracy today?"

Teach Reconstruction Campaign

Zinn offer lessons for middle and high school, a national report, a student campaign to make Reconstruction history visible in their communities, and an annotated list of recommended teaching guides, student friendly books, primary document collections, and films.

The Reconstruction Era

This Teacher’s Guide by Edsitement provides compelling questions to frame a unit of study and inquiry projects, along with activity ideas that include use of newspapers from the era and resources for social studies, ELA, and music education.

Videos

Africa's Great Civilizations | PBSHenry Louis Gates, Jr. takes a new look at the history of Africa.

Africa's Great Civilizations

Henry Louis Gates, Jr. takes a look at the history of Africa, from the birth of humankind to the dawn of the 20th century. This is a breathtaking and personal journey through two hundred thousand years of history, from the origins, on the African continent, of art, writing, and civilization itself.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade

Today we're learning about the Transatlantic Slave Trade, which brought millions of captive Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries, with the largest number of people trafficked between 1700 and 1808. We'll look at the ships and crews that brought enslaved people across the ocean via what was known as the Middle Passage and explore the horrific conditions that these captives endured.

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Slavery has occurred in many forms throughout the world, but the Atlantic slave trade -- which forcibly brought more than 10 million Africans to the Americas -- stands out for both its global scale and its lasting legacy. Anthony Hazard discusses the historical, economic and personal impact of this massive historical injustice.

Slavery in the American Colonies

Today, we'll learn about the role that slavery played in early American economy and how slavery became a legally accepted practice in the first place, and how it contributed to the colony’s early economic success.

Roots: The System of American Slavery

Historians and experts examine the American system of racialized slavery and the hypocrisy it relied on to function.

The American Revolution

During the American Revolutionary War, Black people took up arms on both sides of the conflict, and today we're going to learn how and why they participated.

Black Soldiers of the Revolutionary War

It’s a little known fact that many black soldiers fought and died on both sides of the conflict in the Revolutionary War. They joined up for many different reasons - some from belief in the cause, some to earn a wage, some to win their freedom.

The US Constitution, 3/5, and the Slave Trade Clause:

Today we'll learn about the 3/5 Clause and the Fugitive Slave clause, which entrenched the institution of slavery in the fundamental law of the new United States.

The American Constitution's Limitations on Abolishing Slavery

Did you know that when the Constitution of the United States was created, it was written in a way so that slavery could not be banned by the federal government until 1808? Executive Director of the Washington Library Kevin Butterfield discusses the details of how this was written and why.

All Men Created Equal: How the Founding Fathers Viewed Slavery

While about 5,000 African American soldiers fought for the ideals of freedom and democracy during the Revolutionary War, slavery was common in every U.S. state. What about the people in charge? What did the Founding Fathers think about slavery?

The Underground Railroad

Today we'll talk about the origins of the Underground Railroad, the systems that helped people escape, and the people who helped along the route.

America the Story of Us: Harriet Tubman

Born a slave, Harriett Tubman became a famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad, leading hundreds of slaves to freedom.

Ona Judge: A Woman Who Escaped Slavery & the Washingtons

In this video, African American Projects Coordinator Brenda Parker shares the story of Ona Judge, and how she ran away from the Washingtons to attain her freedom.

Frederick Douglass

Clint Smith teaches you about one of the most famous writers, orators, and advocates of the 19th century, Frederick Douglass.

The electrifying speeches of Sojourner Truth

Get to know the story of Sojourner Truth, a woman born into slavery who became known as a powerful orator and outspoken activist.

Who is William Lloyd Garrison?

AMERICAN EXPERIENCE's "The Abolitionists" gives a short introduction to the famous abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison.

LCV Cities Tour - Charleston: Denmark Vesey Slave Rebellion

History Professor, Bernard Powers, of the College of Charleston, on the Denmark Vesey Slave Rebellion.

Roots: A History Revealed - Forms of Rebellion | History

Under threat of punishment, enslaved families found small ways to rebel against an oppressive system.

Looking at Nat Turner's Legacy | Explorer

Though he was sentenced to death, Nat Turner's resistance to slavery remains relevant to this day.

Black Americans and the Civil War

Today, we'll learn about how Black people fought and participated in the war, the Emancipation Proclamation, and lots more.

The Heroic First Black Regiment of the Civil War

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar explores the contributions of courageous African Americans during the Civil War, in this Special, "Black Patriots: Heroes of the Civil War."

Black Soldiers (United States Colored Troops)

Join Historian Hari Jones as he summarizes the experiences of African American Civil War soldiers, from emancipation to the authorization of United States Colored Troops (USCT) to their experiences on the battlefield.

Reconstruction

Today we'll learn about the Reconstruction amendments, the Freedman's Bureau, and the election of 1876, among other things.

The Black Politicians of Reconstruction

When we learn about the Reconstruction Era in school, it’s often taught as a dark period in American history, a time of upheaval and unrest right after the Cvil War.

WWI to the Great Depression

Content Statement: After Reconstruction and with the introduction of American industrialization, the Great Migration would push African-Americans into Northern states where they continued to face discrimination. In places like Harlem, though, African-Americans would slowly build economic advances while contributing to social life. As the Great Depression began to decimate the nation, African-Americans would feel the brunt of its effects.

CONTENT ELABORATION:

In the early 20th century, many prominent African-American intellectuals and thinkers sought to achieve basic civil rights by a variety of different means (e.g., Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W. E. B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Booker T, Washington, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People).

During and following WWI, African-Americans migrated to northern cities which heightened racial tensions due to increased competition for jobs, housing, and public services. Evidence of racial tension throughout the nation included:

enforcement of Jim Crow legislation that continued in the South during the post-war era;
lynchings and threats of racial violence;
racial intolerance and the revival of the Ku Klux Klan across the United States; and
urban race riots.

In many places across the country, African-American’s impact on the arts was expanding rapidly. In Chicago and Memphis, there was a blues “renaissance” that highly contributed to the leading popular culture. In Harlem, New York, African-Americans celebrated their culture and contributed to social change.The themes of African American art and literature gave pride to people of African heritage and increased awareness of the struggles related to intolerance and life in large urban centers. Jazz flourished during the Harlem Renaissance and became an established American music genre.

The Great Depression affected African-Americans more than any other group in America as they were usually the “First Fired, Last Hired” when it came to jobs. Even relief efforts such as the New Deal disproportionately affected African-Americans as several agencies were segregated (ie CCC) and this furthered the divide between social classes and minorities.

EXPECTATION FOR LEARNING:

Analyze the ways in which the Great Migration impacted African-American life.

Standard Sources

Ohio Department of Education Model Social Studies Curriculum

Learning for Justice: Teaching Hard History

Sample Lesson Plans

Ida B. Wells: Suffragist and Anti-Lynching Activist

This mini lesson will introduce students to Ida B. Wells through a primary source and invite students to explore the geography of American lynchings through an interactive map.

Marcus Garvey

In this lesson, students source biographies and government documents to discuss Garvey's “Back to Africa Movement” and consider why Garvey was such a controversial figure.

Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois

In this lesson, students read a speech of Washington’s and a selection from Du Bois’s The Souls of Black Folk to consider how their philosophies compared.

African-American Soldiers in World War I: The 92nd and 93rd Divisions

In this lesson, students combine their research in a variety of sources, including firsthand accounts, to develop a hypothesis evaluating contradictory statements about the performance of the 92nd Infantry Division in World War I.

Racial Violence in America: Lynchings, 1877 to 1920

This lesson focuses student attention upon the history and role of racial violence in American history.

Chicago Race Riots of 1919

In this lesson, students deliberate the origins of the Chicago race riots by exploring five documents that reflect different social, cultural, and economic causes.

Jim Crow

Use primary documents and images to discover the ways state and local governments restricted the newly gained freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War.

The 1920s Ku Klux Klan from an Immigrant Perspective

Students will learn how to search the Chronicling America website to find evidence of the past, detect bias in newspaper articles, and analyze the activities of the 1920s Ku Klux Klan in a historical context and from an immigrant perspective.

The South, The North, and the Great Migration

This lesson specifically explores how the lives and work of blues musicians and African Americans intersected and complemented one another.

Learning the Blues

This lesson introduces students to the blues, one of the most distinctive and influential elements of African-American musical tradition.

The Harlem Renaissance

Students will learn about the social, cultural and political forces which gave rise to the Harlem Renaissance and learn about the influences that inspired the work of the Harlem Renaissance’s artists and musicians.

The Works of Langston Hughes

This Teacher's Guide includes performances recorded in Providence, access to NEH supported projects dedicated to the work of Langston Hughes, and classroom ready materials for teaching his poetry.

Last Hired, First Fired

While no group escaped the economic devastation of the Great Depression, few suffered more than African Americans, who experienced the highest unemployment rate during the 1930s.

African-Americans and the New Deal's Civilian Conservation Corps

This lesson explores that struggle and its implications for the New Deal's impact on American society; it examines a series of documents written by New Deal officials, including the President that concerned black CCC workers. It also considers documents that present the CCC from the perspective of black participants and observers.

Videos

Ida B. Wells

In this video, we'll learn about the life story of journalist, orator, teacher, suffragette, and anti-lynching activist Ida B. Wells-Barnett.

Marcus Garvey

Activist Marcus Garvey brings his message of racial pride and self-reliance to New York's Harlem, inspiring future "black power" movements.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois

Crash Course: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois

How the NAACP Fights Racial Discrimination

How did the NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) get its start? What needs and issues does it address, and what has it accomplished since it was founded in 1909?

How WWI Changed America: African Americans in WWI

African Americans made substantial contributions in WWI, on both the front lines and the homefront. By 1920, nearly one million Black Americans left the rural South in a movement called The Great Migration which would transform the economic, social and political landscape of the U.S.

The Red Summer of 1919

During the Red Summer of 1919 violence against Black people broke out across the United States.

Jim Crow Laws In the South

After the Emancipation Proclamation, blacks fill local and national offices, but white southerners are determined to pass new state laws to curtail this progress.

The Rise and Fall of the 1920s Ku Klux Klan

The Rise and Fall of the 1920s Ku Klux Klan from Department of History at The Ohio State University

Arts and Letters of the Harlem Renaissance

In this episode, we’re going to explore some of the writers, artists, and musicians who turned Harlem into a world-renowned hub of art and culture, and delve into the factors that brought them all together in the first place.

Political Thought in the Harlem Renaissance

We've talked about Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois, but today we'll get into some other thinkers with different ideas about civil rights, fair labor practices, and Black nationalism.

Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance

Langston Hughes was primarily known as a poet, but he was involved deeply in the movement itself as well. John will teach you a bit about Hughes's background, and he'll examine a few of his best-known poems.

The Great Depression

Today we'll talk about the Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 until the US entered World War II. This depression profoundly changed the US economy, and we'll focus on how the depression impacted Black Americans.

How the New Deal Left Out African-Americans

During the Great Depression, unemployment among African-Americans was twice that of whites - mostly due to segregation. One rare opportunity came on the Pullman sleeper trains, where most of the porters were black.

WWII Onward

Content Statement: From WWII on, African-Americans would take significant stands against inequality to fight against the segregation and discrimination that still plagued America. From their heroics in WWII to their advances made in the Civil Rights Movement, African-Americans achieved legal victories against segregation; however, still work today to continue to eliminate racial bias.

CONTENT ELABORATION:

During WWII, African-American’s main goal, the “Double V Campaign”, was intended to prove to America its patriotism and want to be an equal part of the country. While many African-American regiments fought bravely during WWII (ie Tuskegee Airmen), African-Americans continued to receive unfair treatment at home after the war as evidenced by the unequal distribution of the GI Bill, discrimination at financial institutions, and within the housing industry (ie redlining).

Civil Rights organizations fought for equal opportunities for African Americans and to end segregation. Organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) sought to change long-standing policies and laws. These activists mobilized to carry out demonstrations to bring light to the injustices plaguing the nation. Examples of these actions included:

the Montgomery Bus Boycott;
the March on Washington; and
the Freedom Rides.
Selma March
Sit-ins

Their actions helped to bring about legislative Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts and judicial change including Brown v. Board of Education. A case regarding interracial marriage, Loving v. Virginia, made it to the Supreme Court. In a unanimous decision, the Court held that distinctions drawn according to race were generally "odious to a free people" and were subject to "the most rigid scrutiny" under the Equal Protection Clause. The Virginia law, the Court found, had no legitimate purpose "independent of invidious racial discrimination."

The continuing debate between the role of the state and federal government in political and social issues include disagreements over racial equality topics such as affirmative action, redlining, voting rights, and police brutality.

EXPECTATION FOR LEARNING:

Following WWII, compare and contrast the different ways in which African-Americans have sought to achieve equality.

Standard Sources

Ohio Department of Education Model Social Studies Curriculum

Learning for Justice: Teaching Hard History

Sample Lesson Plans

Two-Front War: African Americans’ Fight for Victory at Home and Abroad

Working in groups, students will be exposed to various aspects of the African American wartime experience.

TUSKEGEE AIRMEN AND THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY

This lesson helps High School United States History students, over two class periods, understand the important role the Tuskegee Airmen played in World War II

How the GI Bill's Promise Was Denied to a Million Black WWII Veterans

In this text, Erin Blakemore examines how the GI Bill held Black veterans back rather than help them get ahead.

How Red Lines Built White Wealth

This could be an introductory lesson in a unit on housing segregation, gentrification, the racial wealth gap, and/or reparations in a U.S. history, economics, or government course.

The Color of Law: Creating Racially Segregated Communities

In this lesson, students examine the local, state and federal policies that supported racially discriminatory practices and cultivated racially segregated housing.

The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

This lesson introduces students to the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), one of the "big 5" civil rights organizations (the other four were: the Urban League, NAACP, SCLC, and CORE).

NAACP Letters

This lesson asks students to engage in chronological reasoning about the development of the Civil Rights Movement in the 20th century using three letters from the “NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom” exhibition in Library of Congress’s digital archive.

The Black Power Movement

In this lesson, students read a passage on Black Power from a popular textbook. Students then examine four historical documents to complicate the textbook’s description and answer the historical question: What was the Black Power Movement in Los Angeles?

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In this lesson, students build a more complex understanding of the causes and context of the boycott as they analyze four historical documents.

Little Rock Nine

In this lesson, students examine five documents to learn about the experiences of one student, Minnijean Brown, in desegregating Central High School.

March on Washington Lesson Plans

A collection of lessons and primary sources on the historic March on Washington.

Picturing Freedom: Selma-to-Montgomery in March, 1965

After analyzing photojournalist James Karales's iconic photograph of the march, reading background material on it, and considering what the marchers might have thought and felt, students write and illustrate a postcard describing this civil rights event from a marcher's viewpoint.

Nonviolent Direct Action at Southern Lunch Counters

What is nonviolent direct action? How and why was it used in the fight for civil rights and against segregation? Should civil rights workers be considered American heroes?

Civil Rights Act 1964

Students gain an understanding of how the Civil Rights Act affects people’s lives and apply civil rights protections to real-life scenarios.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Students analyze how the Act has affected voter behavior and provide a written reflection on the Shelby County v. Holder case.

Brown v. Board of Education

This mini-lesson covers the basics of the Supreme Court’s decision that overturned “separate but equal” in public schools.

Loving v. Virginia

This mini-lesson covers the basics of the Supreme Court’s decision that struck down state bans on interracial marriage. Students learn about the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, and its use in court cases to challenge a range of discriminatory laws.

Videos

How the NAACP Fights Racial Discrimination

How did the NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) get its start? What needs and issues does it address, and what has it accomplished since it was founded in 1909?

African Americans and the Civil Rights Movement During WWII

As the economy changes after World War II, African Americans push for workplace equality. Their efforts in the post-war years would spark the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

World War II:

Today we'll learn about the experience of Black Americans in World War II. We'll look at the ways Black men and women served in the armed services during the war, and look at life on the homefront.

Black Veterans Battle for GI Education and Housing Compensation Disability Payments

The G.I. Bill has sent millions of white veterans to college and helped them buy homes and businesses — the same can't be said for Black veterans in the U.S.

Redlining and Racial Covenants: Jim Crow of the North

Redlining and racial covenants were government approved racism. "Racial covenants aren't just about discriminating against people of color. It's about enriching white people."

The Black Panther Party

Today, we'll learn about the Black Panthers. They were a relatively small, relatively short-lived political party that had an outsized impact on US history.

Women and the Black Power Movement

Today, we'll learn about how women contributed to several organizations, including the Black Panthers. We'll also explore how the Black Arts Movement served as a way for women to empower Black People through creative output.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

For 381 days in 1955 and 1956, the Black citizens of Montgomery, Alabama boycotted the city bus system. Several important figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks would emerge from this to national prominence.

How the Little Rock 9 Impacted the Civil Rights Movement

During Eisenhower’s presidency he was faced with a major event in modern civil rights history - The Little Rock 9.

The March on Washington

We remember the march on Washington for jobs and freedom, and the iconic speech by Martin Luther King Jr. from August 28, 1963.

The Story of Bloody Sunday

Peaceful protestors are faced with violence by police officers, in Selma, Alabama in 1965.

Reflections on the Greensboro Lunch Counter

Civil Rights activists Joseph McNeil, Diane Nash, and John Lewis reflect on the history and legacy of the lunch counter from the F. W. Woolworth department store in North Carolina and the sit-in campaign that began on February 1, 1960.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Explained

An edited and enhanced compilation of a Universal Newsreel and archival photos from the time period summarize basics of the 11 titles that comprised the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Historian Yohuru Williams explains the events leading up to the passage of the Voting Rights Act in 1965 and the act's historical significance.

School Segregation and Brown v Board

In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that public schools should be racially integrated, and overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in Plessy v Ferguson decades before.

How Loving v. Virginia Led to Legalized Interracial Marriage

Learn about the landmark Supreme Court decision in Loving v. Virginia, which legalized interracial marriage in the United States.

Framing African-American History

Content Statement: As the nation expanded westward, debates over slavery continued to arise as a divisive issue among Northern and Southern states. Continuing debates around abolitionism, slave rebellions, and political power only added more tension. The debate over slavery would result in the American Civil War and the legacy of it would be present through Reconstruction.

CONTENT ELABORATION:

When studying a historical event or person in history, historians analyze cause-and-effect relationships. For example, to understand the impact of the Great Migration, an analysis would include its causes and effects. An analysis also would include an examination of the sequence and correlation of events.

How did one event lead to another?
How do they relate to one another?

An examination of the Great Migration would include the demand for workers in the industrial north as a short-term cause and the introduction of Jim Crow legislation as a long-term factor contributing to internal migration.

EXPECTATION FOR LEARNING:

Identify examples of multiple long- and short-term causal relationships with respect to historical events. Analyze the relationship between historical events taking into consideration cause, effect, sequence, and correlation.

African Americans

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