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cigarettes were accessed included convenience store or gas stations, and the internet (6.5 and 6.0% in past 30-day users, respectively). The prevalence of ever and past 30-day e-cigarette use, for all 10 provinces, are displayed in Fig. 1. Among all provinces, Newfoundland and Labrador had the highest prevalence of ever use of e-cigarettes (34.9%), followed by Quebec (30.8%), New Brunswick (29.3%) and Saskatchewan (28.7%). Newfoundland and Labrador also had the highest prevalence of past 30-day use of e-cigarette (11.2%), followed by Prince Edward Island (8.7%), Alberta (8.6%), and British Columbia (8.3%). Among all provinces, Ontario had the lowest prevalence of both ever and past 30-day use, with prevalence rates of 17.8 and 3.6%, respectively. The prevalence of ever e-cigarette use and past 30-day e-cigarette use among 10 provinces of Canada, based on Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey, 2017Results displayed in Table Table22 present the various covariates associated with past 30-day e-cigarette use. Among the substance use variables, 25.5% of illicit drug users and 17.3% of marijuana users reported using e-cigarettes in the past 30-days. Additionally, 22.8% of the current smokers within this cohort reported using e-cigarettes in the past 30 days. After adjusting for all other variables (Table (Table2),2), illicit drug use approached significance with past 30-day e-cigarette use (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.0–2.4). Additionally, marijuana users were 4.17 times more likely to be e-cigarette users as compared to non-marijuana users (OR: 4.17, 95% CI: 2.6–6.7), as were past year alcohol users, compared to non-alcohol users (OR: 5.08, 95% CI: 2.9–9.0). Among the tobacco use variables, those who were from a smoking household were 1.73 times more likely to report e-cigarette use in the past month (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.1–2.6). Additionally, current smokers were more likely to have used e-cigarette in the past 30 days, as compared to those who had never smoked (OR: 2.93, 95% CI: 1.8–4.7), as were other tobacco product users, compared to those non-tobacco product users (OR:1.83 Frequencies and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) of Substance Use, Tobacco Exposure and Use Variables, and Sociodemographic and Health Related Factors, as associated with past 30-day e-cigarette use in individuals aged 15–24 years, based on ... Among the demographic and health factors, those who were aged 15–17 were 4.95 times more likely than there 22–24 year old counterparts to have used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days (OR: 4.95, 95% CI: 3.1–7.9). Similarly, 18–21 were a little over two times more likely (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.4–3.1) to be e-cigarette users as compared to those aged 22–24. Additionally, males were 2.28 times more likely to be e-cigarette users compared to females (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.5–3.4).This study sheds light on the prevalence of and factors associated with e-cigarette use in youth and young adults in Canada. In 2017, the national prevalence rate for past 30-day e-cigarette use among this population was 6.2%. This finding is similar to reports from the 2015 CTADS survey (6%) [30], however greater than the 2013 results which suggested less than 4% past 30-day e-cigarette use in this demographic [29]. The prevalence of ever and past 30-day use of e-cigarette was highest in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, with the lowest reported prevalence in Ontario. Among other factors, this study also shows that using marijuana and alcohol, being a current cigarette smoker, and being male are significantly associated with past 30-day e-cigarette use. Moreover, illicit drug use approached significance with past 30-day e-cigarette use. After adjusting for socio-demographic and health related factors, tobacco use variables, and substance use variables, the use of e-cigarette in illicit drug users was significantly higher than non-drug users. Due to the lack of studies on the dual use of illicit drugs and e-cigarettes in Canada, it is not possible to compare these results to previous Canadian data to assess trends. However, some international studies have shown findings similar to those in the present study [15–17, 34]. Additionally, even fewer studies have explored the potential use of e-cigarettes as illicit drug delivery systems. Blundell et al. (2018), using convenience samples, and Breitbarth et al. (2018), using illicit drug forums, found that drugs such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin and fentanyl have the potential to be smoked through e-cigarettes and come with the added advantage of losing their characteristics odours, making them easier to disguise in public settings and from police officials [5, 18]. Once explored further, these findings would warrant stricter rules around smoking e-cigarettes in public settings, as dual delivery has the potential of exposing the public
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