Sources and Credits

“Advertisement Rates and Terms.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). October 20, 1824. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

Albright, Beverly, Jaclyn Spainhour, Ella Swain, Troy Valos, and Tammy Woodward. The Historic Norfolk Scavenger Hunt. 2017. Norfolk, VA: The Hunter House Victorian Museum and Sargeant Memorial Collection at the Slover Library. 

Alexandria, Virginia. Slave pen. Exterior view. Between 1861 and 1869. Photograph Negative (2 plates). Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2018670637/. 

Artwork of Norfolk Virginia. Chicago, IL: The Gravure Illustration Company, 1902. 

Artwork of Norfolk and Vicinity: Portsmouth, Newport News, Berkley, Hampton, Old Point Comfort. Chicago, IL: H.W. Kennicott & Co., 1895. 

“Auction Sales– By John Levy.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 18, 1830. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Auction Sales by W. & H. Pannell.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). March 6, 1837. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

“Auction Sales–Negroes by Auction by Wm Nash.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). June 12, 1843. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

“Auction Sales–Three Negro Boys.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 26, 1829. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

Austin Woolfolk to John B. Fogliandi. Sale. Notarial Records of William Boswell, 1825-1848. Volume 2: 1826, Act 96. 

https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-D3CZ-KHSL?i=103&cat=148019. 

Bartholomew Accinelly and N.F. and Sidney Forbes. Deeds and Wills, 1637-1900. Deed Book 51-52, 1823-1826: Act 74. FamilySearch Records. Manuscript on Film 

Collection. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9TC-F34V-8?i=62&cat=370289. 

Bartholomew Accinelly and Pannell and Mary Pills. Deeds and Wills, 1637-1900. Deed Book 49-50, 1820-1823: Act 252. FamilySearch Records. Manuscript on Film 

Collection. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9TC-N8RV?i=452&cat=370289. 

Bartholomew Accinelly and Richard Blow. Deeds and Wills, 1637-1900. Deed Book 55-56, 1829-1831: Act 173-174. FamilySearch Records. Manuscript on Film 

Collection. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C9TC-JQJ1-C?i=347&cat=370289. 

Borjes, Charles. “Norfolk City Hall and Courthouse - Norfolk, Virginia.” Still image. The Virginia Pilot, Norfolk, VA, 1926-1928. Sargeant Memorial Collection Map 

Collection. January 10, 2023. https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15987coll9/id/268/rec/1. 

Borum, Samuel R. Norfolk, Va., Port and City: Facts and Figures of its Trade Commerce and Manufacturers. Norfolk, VA: Norfolk Chamber of Commerce, 1896. Image Series. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/09014757/.

Burton, H. W, and Joseph Meredith Toner Collection. The history of Norfolk, Virginia. A review of important events and incidents which occured from 1736 to 1877; also a record of personal reminiscences and political, commercial, and curious facts. Norfolk, Va., Norfolk Virginian job print, 1877. Image Series. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/rc01002903/. 

Butt, Marshall W. Portsmouth Under Four Flags, 1752-1970. Portsmouth, VA: Portsmouth Historical Association and the Friends of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 

Museum, 1971. 

“Cash by Charles Hatcher.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). December 12, 1831. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Cash for Negroes by G.W. Apperson.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). August 19, 1844. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.  

“Cash for Negroes by G.W. Apperson.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). December 10, 1849. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Cash for Servants by W.W. Hall.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). December 11, 1849. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

Cassell, Charles E. “Plan of the harbor of Norfolk and Portsmouth, March 1st.” 1861. Map. https://www.loc.gov/item/lva0000014/. 

Chadwick, Bruce. Creole Rebellion: The Most successful Slave Revolt in American History. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2022. 

Charles Hatcher and Celestin Chiapella. Notarial Records of William Boswell, 1825-1848. Volume 7: Act 281 or 193. January-December 1829. FamilySearch Records. Manuscript on Film Collection. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-D3C4-4SFY-X?mode=g&cat=148019.

Clayton, Ralph. Cash For Blood: The Baltimore to New Orleans Domestic Slave Trade. Heritage Books, 2002. 

Colvin, Leonard E. “Norfolk’s Slave Trade Largest on the East Coast.” New Journal and Guide. May 16, 2020. Accessed January 12, 2023.   https://thenewjournalandguide.com/norfolks-slave-trade-largest-on-east-coast/. 

“Composite Map of 1910 Downtown Norfolk (Based on 1910 Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps).” November 29, 2022. Composite Map. LocalWiki. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?layers=8cef7fe0fc204c92a6224b33bbec7770. 

Deyle, Steven. Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. 

Documents, Essays, and Facts: Together with Notices of the Arts and Manufactures, and a Record of the Events of the Times. From September 1841 to March 1842. Vol. LXI. Baltimore, MD: Niles’ National Register, 1848. Google Books.

Dred Scott, Harriet, wife of Dred Scott. New York, NY: Century Company Publisher, 1887. Photograph. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2014645331/.

Drie, C. N. Norfolk & Portsmouth, Virginia, 1873. Map. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/75696645/. 

Elizabeth River Trail. 2023. Norfolk, VA: Elizabeth River Trail Foundation. Elizabethrivertrail.org.

Federal Writers’ Project, ed. Virginia Slave Narratives: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project 1936-1938. Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books, 2006. 

“Ferry Point Jail.” Norfolk and Portsmouth Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 21, 1829. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/dstnorf/id/11/rec/12.   

Finley, Alexandra J. An Intimate Economy: Enslaved Women, Work, and America’s Domestic Slave Trade. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.

“For New Orleans.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). October 4, 1841. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection

“For New Orleans–Virginia and Louisiana Line of Packets.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 16, 1845. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“For Sale by The Editors.” American beacon (Norfolk, VA). March 19, 1819. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/dstnorf/id/10/rec/3. 

“For Servants by Dawson.” Southern Argus (Norfolk, VA). January 7, 1856. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

Forrest, William S. The Norfolk Directory for 1851-1852 ... Also, Information Relative to Portsmouth: with a Variety of Other Useful, Statistical and Miscellaneous Information. Norfolk, Va, 1851. 

Forrest, William S. “Infirmary for Slaves Advertisement.” In The Norfolk Directory for 1851-1852 ... Also, Information Relative to Portsmouth: with a Variety of Other Useful, Statistical and Miscellaneous Information. Norfolk, Va, 1851. 

“Future Days–Negroes at Auction.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 7, 1852. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

Gray, Ormando Willis. “Combined Map of Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Berkley (Va.). Upper Sheet. Gray's New Map of Norfolk, Norfolk County, Virginia.” 1877. Map. SMC Map Collection. https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15987coll7/id/9/rec/1. 

Gray, Ormando Willis. “Combined Map of Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Berkley (Va.). Lower Sheet. Gray's New Map of Norfolk, Norfolk County, Virginia.” 1877. Map SMC Map Collection. https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15987coll7/id/11/rec/2. 

Gudmestad, Robert H.. A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. 

Hadden, Sally E. Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. 

Historic American Buildings Survey, Creator, William R Singleton, Thomas U Walter, Finlay Ferguson, E.T. Gresham And Company, William Platt, Geoffrey Platt, James Gehman, Ralph W Miner, and Lynda Stanley, Ansell, Charles, photographer. Norfolk City Hall & Courthouse, 421 East City Hall Avenue, Norfolk, Norfolk Independent City, VA. Norfolk Virginia Independent City, 1933. Documentation Compiled After. Photograph. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/va1294/.

Holmes County Republican. (Millersburg, Holmes County, Ohio), 06 Jan. 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028820/1859-01-06/ed-1/seq-2/.

Hopkins, Griffith Morgan Jr.. “Atlas of the city of Norfolk, Va. and vicinity, including the city of Portsmouth. From official records, private plans and actual surveys.” 1889. Atlas. Plate 14. SMC Map Collection. https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15987coll7/id/27/rec/14.

Hughes, Jeremiah, ed. “The Creole: Protest, 22 January 1842.” In Niles’ National Register: Political, Historical, Geographical, Scientifical, Statistical, Economical, and Biographical 

Custis, Mary Anna Randolph. Enslaved Girl. 1830. Watercolor, pencil, and ink on wove paper. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/9629hpr-5372e153b7a9a53/. 

“Infirmary for Colored Persons.” Southern Argus (Norfolk, VA). April 26, 1822. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

“Infirmary for Slaves.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). April 26, 1822. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

James B. Diggs to Timin Robin. Sale. Notarial Records of William Boswell, 1825-1848. Volume 2: 1826, Act 97. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-D3CZ-KHSL?i=103&cat=148019. 

Johnson, Walter. Soul By Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

John Woolfolk to Sebastien Hiriart. Sale. Notarial Records of William Boswell, 1825-1848. Volume 2: January-December 1826, Act 14. FamilySearch Records. Manuscript on Film Collection. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-D3CZ-K4K6?i=39&cat=148019.

Jones, Cary W. Norfolk as a Business Centre; Its Principal Industries and Trades. Norfolk, VA: C.H. Windsor, 1882. Pdf Series. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/rc01002888/.

Keily, James. “Map of the city of Norfolk and the town of Portsmouth.” Philadelphia: Rolin & Keily, 1851. Map. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2009575801/.

Library of Virginia. “Certificates of Importation.” Education. Data Catalog. January 19, 2023. Virginia Open Data Portal. Accessed February 12, 2023. https://data.virginia.gov/Education/Certificates-of-Importation/jacg-em4k. 

Library of Virginia. “Freedom Suits.” Education. Data Catalog. November 17, 2022. Virginia Open Data Portal. Accessed February 12, 2023. Freedom Suits | Virginia Open Data Portal. 

Library of Virginia. “‘Runaway Slave’ Records.” Education. Data Catalog. November 17, 2022. Virginia Open Data Portal. Accessed February 12, 2023. https://data.virginia.gov/Education/-Runaway-Slave-Records/vbqa-smsu. 

“Market Square, Norfolk.” In New Journal and Guide. Image. SMC Collection. May 16, 2020. Accessed January 12, 2023. https://thenewjournalandguide.com/norfolks-slave-trade-largest-on-east-coast/. 

Mcpherson & Oliver, photographer. Two unidentified escaped slaves wearing ragged clothes. Baton Rouge, LA: Mcpherson & Oliver, between 1861 and 1865. Photograph. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017659658/.

“Negroes for Sale– By J.A. Chandler.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 18, 1830. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Negroes for Sale and Hire.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). December 22, 1830. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Negro Repository by Wm. W. Hall.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 28, 1847. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.  

“Negroes Wanted by Joseph Granier.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). February 4, 1829. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

“Negroes Wanted by S.I. Pope and E. Guy.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). August 9, 1834. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

“‘Negroes Wanted’ by Raux.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). February 4, 1829. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

Newby-Alexander, Cassandra. 2021. Waterways to Freedom: A Railroad that Ran on Water. Norfolk, VA: Norfolk State University and Roberts Center for the Study of African Diaspora.

Niemeyer, Antonio Bilisoly and Virginia Berry Niemeyer. The Bonosolo Bonisolo Bilisoli Bilisoly Family. 2 vols. Norfolk, VA: 2004. 

“Norfolk Auction Rooms by Nash & Co.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). April 28, 1837. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

Norfolk’s Cannonball Trail: 400 Years of Building and Defending this Nation. 2016. Norfolk, VA: Norfolk Heritage and VisitNorfolk. https://www.visitnorfolk.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/VISIT-24413-CannonbalBroch_reprint2016.pdf. 

Norfolk City Directory, 1859-1860. Norfolk, Va., 1860.

Notarial Records of William Boswell, 1825-1848. Volume 17: January-March 1832, Act 83. FamilySearch Records. Manuscript on Film Collection. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-83C4-49NS-Q?i=260&cat=148019. 

Nowitzky, Geo I. Norfolk: The Marine Metropolis of Virginia and the Sound and River Cities of North Carolina. Raleigh, NC: E.M. Uzzell, 1888. 

The Political Quadrille, Music by Dred Scott. Cincinnati, OH: 1860. Photograph. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2008661605/.

Pollert, Lindsay "Pedigree Resource File. Lindsay’s Family Tree. Stephen Peillon." Database. FamilySearch. Submitted July 4, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2023. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:2:3ZWY-ZRB. 

Pollock, Edward. Sketch book of Portsmouth, Va., its people and its trade. Portsmouth, E. Pollock, 1886. PDF. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/rc01002916/.

Portsmouth, Virginia: Path of History Self-Guided Tour. 2023. Portsmouth, VA: Virginia’s Historic Seaport. 

https://portsvacation.com/visitor-directory/?business-cat=Path%20of%20History. 

“Private Jail by E. Guy.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). March 21, 1844. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Private Jail by Guy & Caphart.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). October 27, 1834. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

Randolph, Peter. Sketches of Slave Life: or, Illustrations of the “Peculiar Institution” by Peter Randolph (1855). In Documenting the American South. Encyclopedia Virginia, July 29, 2022. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/randolph-sketches-of-slave-life-or-illustrations-of-the-peculiar-institution-by-peter-1855.

Robert Simington to Charles Hatcher. Sale. Notarial Records of William Boswell, 1825-1848. Volume 7: June 2 1829, Act 278. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-D3C4-4SXN-4?i=263&cat=148019. 

Schermerhorn, Calvin. Money Over Mastery, Family Over Freedom: Slavery in the Antebellum Upper South. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.

“Servants’ Clothing by T.F. Owens.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). January 8, 1852. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

S.F. Slatter and Thomas Walsh. Abrogation of Sale. Notarial Records of William Boswell, 1825-1848. Volume 51: October-December 1832, Act 118-119. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QHV-Z3C7-R9VW-M?i=290&cat=148019. 

"Ships News." American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). October 29, 1841. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.  

"Ships News." American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). November 1, 1841. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

“Ship News: Ceres.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). November 5, 1816. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Slave Manifest of brig Creole, 28 October 1841.” In New Orleans, Louisiana, Slave Manifests, 1807-1860. https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1562. 

Sold Down River. “Home.” Accessed January 12, 2023. https://www.solddownriver.com/. 

Steward, Austin. Twenty-two Years a Slave, and Forty Years a Freeman. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2002. 

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin: Presenting the Original Facts and Documents Upon Which the Story Is Founded, Together with Corroborative Statements Verifying the Truth of the Work (Boston, MA: J.P. Jewett & co, 1853. Library of Congress, HathiTrust Digital Library. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001027878. 

Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's cabin. Philadelphia, PA: H. Altemus company, 1900. Image Series. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/00004791/.

Trammell, Jack. The Richmond Slave Trade: The Economic Backbone of the Old Dominion. South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2012. 

U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Virginia. September 12, 1985. Virginia SP Seaboard Coastline Building Nomination Form. National Archives. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/41682584.  

Valos, William Troy. 2019. “Unearthing Norfolk, Virginia’s Role in Early Nineteenth Century Domestic Slave Trade.” Unpublished Manuscript. 

“‘Wants’ by Pollard, Whitehurst, and Starke.” Southern Argus (Norfolk, VA). August 27, 1859. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Want Ads: The Highest Cash Price by Charles Hatcher.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). February 4, 1829. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

Wellge, Henry. “Panorama of Norfolk and Surroundings, 1892.” Still image. Sargeant Memorial Collection Map Collection. January 10, 2023. https://cdm15987.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15987coll7/id/32/rec/1. 

“W.H. Addington.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). January 1, 1855. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

“Will be Hired Out–Ferry Point.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). December 29, 1823. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“Will Be Sold This Day by W. & H. Pannell.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). February 2, 1827. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.

Zaborney, John J. Slaves for Hire: Renting Enslaved Laborers in Antebellum Virginia. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2012. 

“$50 Reward by Apperson.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). August 19, 1844. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“$50 Reward by M. Willey.” American Beacon (Norfolk, VA). December 12, 1828. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“65 Negroes–By Geo Brooks.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). December 24, 1830. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection. 

“$175 Reward by Accinelly.” Norfolk Herald (Norfolk, VA). March 2, 1825. Microfilm. Sargeant Memorial Collection.