הכנה לשלב א׳ נוירוכירורגיה

Gross Anatomy: This includes the study of the overall structure of the brain and spinal cord, including the different regions, lobes, and sulci (grooves) of the brain.

Microscopic Anatomy: This includes the study of the individual cells and structures of the nervous system, such as neurons and glial cells.

Developmental Neuroanatomy: This includes the study of the development of the nervous system, from the formation of the neural tube to the formation of the different regions of the brain.

Vascular Neuroanatomy: This includes the study of the blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord, including the major cerebral and spinal blood vessels.

Neural Connections and Pathways: This includes the study of how different regions of the brain are connected and how neural impulses travel through the nervous system.

Spinal cord: This includes the study of the spinal cord and its function, structure, segments, pathways and reflexes

cranial nerves: This includes the study of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their respective functions, origin, and termination

functional neuroanatomy: This includes the study of the functional specialization of different areas of the brain, including the motor and sensory areas.

Cellular physiology: This includes the study of the physiology of neurons and glial cells, including their physiology, ion channels, neurotransmitters and receptors.

Synaptic physiology: This includes the study of the physiology of synapses and neurotransmitters, including how nerve impulses are transmitted between neurons.

Neural signaling: This includes the study of how electrical and chemical signals are generated and transmitted within the nervous system.

Neurotransmitters: This includes the study of the different neurotransmitters and their functions, such as dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin and others.

Sensory physiology: This includes the study of how the nervous system processes sensory information, such as touch, sound, and vision.

Motor physiology: This includes the study of how the nervous system controls movement, including the physiology of muscle tone, reflexes and voluntary movements.

Integrative physiology: This includes the study of how different regions of the brain integrate information to control complex functions, such as perception, attention, and decision making.

Neuroplasticity: This includes the study of how the nervous system adapts and changes in response to environmental changes, injury and disease.

Neuropharmacology: This includes the study of how drugs and other chemicals affect the nervous system, including the mechanisms of action and side effects of different medications.

Degenerative disorders: This includes the study of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that cause degeneration of neurons.

Infections: This includes the study of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections of the nervous system, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and others.

Trauma: This includes the study of traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord, including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury.

Vascular disorders: This includes the study of disorders affecting the blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord, such as stroke and aneurysms.

Autoimmune disorders: This includes the study of diseases such as multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and others in which the immune system attacks the nervous system.

Metabolic disorders: This includes the study of diseases caused by abnormal metabolism, such as lysosomal storage disorders, metabolic encephalopathies, and others.

Congenital disorders: This includes the study of disorders present at birth, such as neural tube defects, congenital malformations, and chromosomal disorders.

Neuro-oncology: This includes the study of primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system and their management.

Neuro-inflammation: This includes the study of the role of inflammation in the development and progression of neurological diseases.

Traumatic Brain Injury: This includes the assessment, diagnosis and management of TBI, including mild, moderate and severe TBI.

Spinal Cord Injury: This includes the assessment, diagnosis, and management of SCI, including complete and incomplete injuries.

Neurocritical Care: This includes the management of critically ill patients with neurological injuries, including the use of intensive care techniques such as mechanical ventilation, and monitoring of intracranial pressure.

Rehabilitation: This includes the management of patients with TBI and SCI during the recovery phase, including physical, occupational and speech therapy, psychological support and vocational rehabilitation.

Neurosurgery: This includes the surgical management of TBI and SCI, such as decompressive craniotomy, evacuation of hematomas, and spinal cord stabilization.

Neurotrauma Imaging: This includes the use of imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI, to evaluate the extent of injuries and to monitor the patient's condition.

Neurotrauma Biomechanics: This includes the study of the mechanical forces that cause injury to the brain and spinal cord, and the use of biomechanical data to improve injury prevention and management.

Traumatic injuries in Pediatrics: This includes the management of TBI and SCI in children, which have different characteristics, and management compared to adults.

Trauma systems: This includes the study of the organization and management of trauma systems in hospitals and pre-hospital settings, including triage, transport, and transfer of patients with TBI and SCI.

This chapter deals with the grading, initial management, transfer, radiographic evaluation and management of head trauma, including concussion, high-altitude cerebral edema, cerebrovascular injuries, neuromonitoring, skull fractures, traumatic hemorrhagic conditions, traumatic posterior fossa mass lesions, and gunshot wounds and non-missile penetrating injuries.

CT: This includes the interpretation of computed tomography (CT) scans of the brain and spinal cord, including the identification of fractures, hemorrhages, and tumors.

MRI: This includes the interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain and spinal cord, including the identification of tumors, inflammation, and degenerative disorders.

Angiography: This includes the interpretation of imaging studies of blood vessels, such as digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), to identify conditions such as aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations.

Functional imaging: This includes the interpretation of functional imaging studies, such as functional MRI (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), which provide information about brain function and blood flow.

Pediatric Neuroradiology: This includes the interpretation of imaging studies in neonates, infants, children and adolescents, which have different characteristics and pathologies compared to adults.

Neuroradiology in trauma: This includes the interpretation of imaging studies in patients with traumatic injuries of the brain and spinal cord, and the use of imaging to monitor the patient's condition.

Interventional Neuroradiology: This includes the use of imaging techniques to guide minimally invasive procedures, such as catheter-based treatments for vascular disorders, such as aneurysms, and embolization of tumors.

Neuroradiology in neuro-oncology: This includes the interpretation of imaging studies in patients with primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system, and the use of imaging to monitor the response to treatment.

Neuroradiology in degenerative disorders: This includes the interpretation of imaging studies in patients with degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, to identify characteristic imaging findings that may aid in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Neuroradiology in Neurosurgery: This includes the preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of patients undergoing neurosurgery, such as brain tumors, vascular malformations and trauma.

The chapter deals with general topics of neurocritical care such as Sodium homeostasis, Shock and pharmacology, Hematology, Coma and scales, Etiologies of coma, Herniation syndromes, Brain death criteria, Organ and tissue donation, long-term management, complications, outcomes, airway management, DVT prophylaxis, nutrition, and posttraumatic hydrocephalus associated with head injury.

Neurointensive care: This includes the management of critically ill patients with neurological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and brain tumors, using intensive care techniques such as mechanical ventilation and monitoring of intracranial pressure.

Neuroanesthesia: This includes the management of patients with neurological conditions during surgery and other invasive procedures, including the use of anesthesia, sedation, and pain management. ASA classification, Pharmacology

Neuro-trauma: This includes the management of critically ill patients with traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord, including the use of specialized techniques to manage intracranial pressure and other complications.

Stroke care: This includes the management of critically ill patients with acute stroke, including the use of thrombolytic therapy and other interventions to improve outcomes.

Neuro-infections: This includes the management of critically ill patients with bacterial, viral, and fungal infections of the nervous system, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and others.

1. Bacterial infections of the CNS, Meningitis, Cerebral Abscess, Subdural Empyema, HIV/AIDS, Lyme Disease, Post-surgical infections, Wound infections, Osteomyelitis, Viral Encephalitis, CJD, Parasitic infections, Fungal infections.

Neuro-oncology: This includes the management of critically ill patients with primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system, including the use of specialized techniques to manage intracranial pressure and other complications.

Neuro-vascular: This includes the management of critically ill patients with conditions affecting the blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord, such as stroke and aneurysms, including the use of specialized techniques to manage intracranial pressure and other complications.

Neuro-metabolic: This includes the management of critically ill patients with conditions caused by abnormal metabolism, such as lysosomal storage disorders, metabolic encephalopathies, and others.

Neuro-inflammatory: This includes the management of critically ill patients with neurological conditions caused by inflammation, such as multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and others.

1. Neurological, neurovascular, and neurotoxic disorders: dementia, headache, Parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, vasculitis, and vasculopathy.

Neurological monitoring: This includes the use of specialized monitoring techniques, such as continuous EEG, brain tissue oxygen monitoring, and microdialysis, to assess the function of the nervous system in critically ill patients. Seizures, Seizure classification, Special types of seizures, Pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs.

Congenital malformations: This includes the management of congenital malformations of the brain and spine such as myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, and others.

Tumors: This includes the management of primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system in children, such as medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, and others.

Trauma: This includes the management of traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord in children, including skull fractures, brain contusions, and spinal cord injuries.

1. Pediatric Head Injury - Epidemiology, Management, Outcome, Cephalhematoma, Skull fractures in pediatric patients, Retroclival hematoma, Nonaccidental trauma (NAT),

Epilepsy: This includes the management of pediatric patients with epilepsy, including the use of surgical techniques such as corpus callosotomy and hemispherectomy.

Developmental anomalies: arachnoid cysts, craniofacial development, Dandy Walker malformation, aqueductal stenosis, agenesis of corpus callosum, septumpellucidum anomalies, intracranial lipomas, hypothalamic hamartomas, spinal dysraphism, Klippel-Feil syndrome, tethered cord syndrome, split cord malformation, lumbosacral nerve root anomalies, Chiari malformations, neural tube defects, neurenteric cysts.

1. Hydrocephalus: This includes the management of children with hydrocephalus, which may require the placement of a shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy.

   1. Hydrocephalus: etiologies, clinical presentation, CT/MRI criteria, differential diagnosis, chronic and arrested forms, normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), and treatment; Peripheral nerve injuries: classification, etiologies, clinical presentation, syndromes, mechanism of injury, muscle innervation, and pain.

2. Hydrocephalus: etiologies, clinical presentation, CT/MRI criteria, differential diagnosis, chronic and arrested forms, normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), treatment; Intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults and newborns; 

3. Chiari malformations: This includes the management of congenital malformations of the cerebellar tonsils, which may cause headaches, neck pain, and neurological symptoms.

4. Craniosynostosis: This includes the management of congenital malformations of the skull, which may cause abnormal head shape and restrict brain growth.

5. Spinal dysraphism: This includes the management of congenital malformations of the spine, such as myelomeningocele and tethered cord.

Pediatric neuro-oncology: This includes the management of primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system in children, which have different characteristics and management compared to adults.

Pediatric neuro-trauma: This includes the management of traumatic injuries to the brain and spinal cord in children, which have different characteristics and management compared to adults.

Degenerative diseases: This includes the management of degenerative conditions of the spine, such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis, which may cause back pain, nerve compression and weakness.

Trauma: This includes the management of traumatic injuries to the spine, such as fractures, dislocations, and spinal cord injuries.

Tumors: This includes the management of primary and metastatic tumors of the spine, such as chordomas and spinal cord tumors.

Scoliosis: This includes the management of congenital and acquired spinal curvatures, which may cause back pain, difficulty breathing and cosmetic issues.

Spinal cord injury: This includes the management of patients with traumatic or non-traumatic spinal cord injuries and the rehabilitation and management of these patients.

Spinal stenosis: This includes the management of congenital or acquired narrowing of the spinal canal, which may cause nerve compression, weakness, and pain.

Spinal deformity: This includes the management of congenital or acquired spinal deformities, such as kyphosis and lordosis, which may cause back pain, nerve compression and difficulty breathing.

Minimally invasive spinal surgery: This includes the use of advanced techniques to access the spine through small incisions, such as endoscopic discectomy, and percutaneous techniques, which may reduce the risk of complications and enhance recovery time.

Spinal instrumentation and fusion: This includes the use of surgical devices, such as screws, rods, and cages, to stabilize the spine and promote fusion of the spinal segments.

Complex spinal reconstruction: This includes the management of complex spinal conditions, such as revision spinal surgery, and the use of advanced techniques to access the spine and reconstruct the spine.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage and aneurysms: etiology, clinical features, work-up, grading, critical care, complications; Aneurysms: anterior communicating artery, distal anterior cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, carotid terminus, middle cerebral artery, supraclinoid, posterior circulation; Special aneurysms and non-aneurysmal SAH: unruptured, multiple, familial, traumatic, mycotic, giant, cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH of unknown etiology, pretruncal nonaneurysmal SAH.

The chapter deals with vascular malformations (AVMs, DVAs, cavernous malformations, DAVFs, vein of Galen malformations, carotid-cavernous fistulae, sigmoid sinus diverticula), Stroke and Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease, special conditions (totally occluded internal carotid artery, cerebellar infarction, malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction, cardiogenic brain embolism, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, Bow hunter's stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, Moyamoya disease, extracranial-intracranial bypass), cerebral arterial dissections, and Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Movement disorders: This includes the management of conditions such as Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and tremor, which may cause difficulty with movement and coordination, through the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and other neuromodulation techniques.

Chronic pain: This includes the management of chronic pain conditions, such as trigeminal neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, and others, through the use of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and other neuromodulation techniques.

Epilepsy: This includes the management of epilepsy through the use of surgical techniques such as lobectomy, corpus callosotomy, and hemispherectomy.

Movement disorders in pediatric population: This includes the management of movement disorders in children, which have different characteristics and management compared to adults.

Neuro-oncology: This includes the management of brain tumors through the use of functional mapping techniques to preserve function during resection of tumors.

Functional neuro-imaging: This includes the use of functional imaging techniques, such as fMRI, to identify functional areas of the brain and to plan and monitor surgical procedures.

Neuro-stimulation: This includes the management of chronic pain and movement disorders through the use of invasive and non-invasive neuro-stimulation techniques such as DBS and SCS.

Neuromodulation: This includes the use of various techniques to modulate nerve activity, such as electrical stimulation and chemical injection, to treat various neurological conditions.

Neuromonitoring: This includes the use of various techniques to monitor the function of the nervous system during surgery, such as continuous EEG and evoked potentials, to minimize the risk of complications.

 Neurophthalmology, including Nystagmus, Papilledema, Visualfields, Pupillary diameter, Extraocularmuscle (EOM) system, neuroanatomy & physiology of neurophthalmology, and Neurophthalmologic syndromes.

This chapter deals with Neurotology, including Dizziness and Vertigo, Meniere's Disease, and Facial Nerve Palsy, as well as Hearing Loss.

Brain tumors: This includes the management of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain, such as gliomas, meningiomas, and others, through surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Spinal cord tumors: This includes the management of primary and metastatic tumors of the spinal cord, such as ependymomas, astrocytomas, and others, through surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Pediatric neuro-oncology: This includes the management of primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system in children, which have different characteristics and management compared to adults.

Immunotherapy: This includes the use of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, to treat brain tumors and other neuro-oncological conditions.

Radiosurgery: This includes the use of radiosurgery, such as Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, and linear accelerator-based radiosurgery, to treat brain tumors and other neuro-oncological conditions.

Neuro-oncology imaging: This includes the use of imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT, to evaluate the extent of tumors and to monitor the patient's condition.

Neuropathology: This includes the study of the pathology of brain and spinal cord tumors, including the use of histological and molecular techniques to classify and grade tumors.

Neuro-oncology research: This includes the study of the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management of brain tumors and other neuro-oncological conditions through basic, translational, and clinical research.