avoiding foods that may be choking hazards. 16 Topic Guiding principle summary—for breastfed children Modifications for non-breastfed children Meal frequency and energy density Increase the number of times that the child is fed complementary foods as he or she gets older: for the ‘average’ child, 2–3 times/day at 6–8 months and 3–4 times/day at 9–11 months and 12–23 months. Additional nutritious snacks may be offered 1–2 times/day. Frequency is directly related to caloric density of the meal: 0.65 kcal/g is the lowest (child needs more meals), and 1.0 kcal/g the highest (child needs fewer meals). Increase the number of times that the child is fed complementary foods as he or she gets older: for the ‘average’ child, 3 times/day at 6–8 months, 4 times/day at 9– 11 months, and 4–5 times/day at 12–23 months. Additional nutritious snacks may be offered 1–2 times/day. Nutrient content of complementary foods Feed a variety of foods to ensure that nutrient needs are met: meat, poultry, fish, or eggs should be eaten daily; vitamin A–rich fruits and vegetables daily; diets should have adequate fat content; and avoid giving drinks with low nutritive value. In addition to recommendations for the breastfed child: If the child receives animalsource foods, give 200–400 ml/day of milk; if not, 300–500 ml/day; avoid raw milk. Vitamin-mineral supplements or fortified products Use fortified complementary foods or vitamin-mineral supplements (preferably mixed with or fed with the food) for the infant, as needed. Feeding during and after illness Increase fluid intake during illness, including more frequent breastfeeding, and encourage the child to eat soft, varied, appetizing, favorite foods. After illness, give food more often than usual and encourage the child to eat more. Increase fluid intake during illness, and encourage the child to eat soft, varied, appetizing, favorite foods. After illness, give food more often than usual and encourage the child to eat more. Sources: World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization, Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child, 2003. World Health Organization, Guiding Principles for Feeding Non-Breastfed Children 6–24 Months of Age, 2005. World Health Organization, Guidelines on HIV and Infant Feeding, 2010. 17 Annex B. Core infant and young child feeding indicators Category Indicator Early initiation of breastfeeding Proportion of children born in the last 24 months who were put to the breast within one hour of birth. Exclusive breastfeeding under 6months Proportion of infants 0–5 months of age who are fed exclusively with breastmilk. Continued breastfeeding at 1 year Proportion of children 12–15 months of age who are fed breastmilk. Introduction of solid, semisolid, or soft foods Proportion of infants 6–8 months of age who receive solid, semi-solid, or soft foods. Minimum dietary diversity Proportion of children 6–23 months of age who receive foods from four or more food groups. Minimum* meal frequency Proportion of breastfed and non-breastfed children 6–23 months of age who receive solid, semi-solid, or soft foods (including milk feeds for non-breastfed children) the minimum number of times or more. Minimum* acceptable diet Proportion of children 6–23 months of age who receive a minimum acceptable diet (apart from breastmilk) [composite indicator based on minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency]. Consumption of iron-rich or iron-fortified foods Proportion of children 6–23 months of age who receive an iron-rich food or iron-fortified food that is specifically designed for infants and young children, or that is fortified at home. *Minimum is defined for breastfed and non-breastfed children and dependent on age. Source: World Health Organization, Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices, Parts 1–3, 2010.